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URBAN
ENVIRONMENT | sustainability and ecological footprints
Supporting sustainable cities
and the notion of ecological footprint: this cluster includes
new policy and programme initiatives in global-local linkages,
economic- environmental trade-offs, priorities and strategies
for ecological conservation, responsibilising the use of
resources and minimising unsustainable consumption.
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local level
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Budhya, Gururaja & Solomon Benjamin (2000) -"The
politics of sustainable cities: the case of Bengare, Mangalore
in coastal India"- Environment & Urbanization,
Vol 12 No 2, October 2000 - IIED [pdf]
This paper describes a local-national conflict over a
powergeneration
scheme in Mangalore (India) in order to highlight two important
issues. The first is that the planning of large projects
by national and state governments in India often bypasses
local government and, as such, avoids accountability to
local populations. The second is that the politics of sustainable
cities is in the institutional domain; in this instance,
the conflict was between what was perceived locally
as being sustainable as opposed to external interests that
sought to exploit resources in response to larger markets.
The paper describes the political organizations in a fishing
settlement (Bengare) that falls within the boundaries of
the city of Mangalore and how they worked with elected city
corporation representatives to halt a scheme for barge-mounted
power generation. It also describes how the city government
of Mangalore has become more committed to participation.
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Hernández, Orlando; Barbara Rawlins & Reva Schwartz
(1999) - "Voluntary recycling in Quito: factors associated
with participation in a pilot programme" - Environment
& Urbanization, Vol 11 No 2, October 1999 - IIED
[pdf]
Ecuador - This paper describes a pilot
recycling programme in Quito and the factors associated
with residents’ participation in separating their
wastes. This municipal programme extended garbage collection
to previously unserved neighbourhoods through micro-enterprises
formed by residents which provided separate collection services
(on different days) for organic (compostable), recyclable
and non-recyclable wastes, and delivered these to municipal
depots. The revenues from the sale of recyclables went to
funds to support neighbourhood improvements.
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Hobson, Jane (2000) -"Sustainable sanitation: experiences
in Pune with a municipal-NGO-community partnership",
Environment & Urbanization, Vol 12 No 2, October
2000 - IIED [pdf]
India - This paper describes a communal
toilet construction programme in the city of Pune (India)
undertaken through a partnership between the municipal corporation
and eight NGOs. It focuses on the 13 toilet blocks that
are the responsibility of one of these NGOs, Shelter Associates,
and includes details of how they have been working with
local residents with regard to design, construction, provision
for maintenance and incorporation of space for community
activities. It highlights the positive aspects, especially
the municipal corporation’s willingness to try a new
approach, while also describing the difficulties that NGOs
face in having to meet official implementation schedules
and cope with bureaucratic delays while delivering for,
and remaining accountable to, low-income groups.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice - Neighborhood Participation
in the District of Santiago de Surco - [pdf]
Peru - The rehabilitation of our environment
is not only a responsibility of developed countries but
also our own. The financial crisis in Surco has made us
look for ways of maximizing the use of our resources. In
a quest to do so, we have sought to sensitize the inhabitants
of Surco on the importance of environment conservation.
People have come up with various ideas on how best to achieve
this end. These ideas have been incorporated into the district
environmental management programme. This has in turn created
a close link between the municipality and the Surco community.
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city level
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice - Ciechanow, Sustainable
Town [pdf]
Poland - Development of the town of Ciechanow
is a very unique case in the worldwide scale. The main goal
of the project was the improvement of living conditions
by means of comprehensive sustainable development of the
town. We defined a sustainable town as a town having well
developed economic and social sector, unpolluted environment,
a town taking care of both health and intellectual, inward
development of its inhabitants and visitors. Our detailed
objectives were: improvement of drinking water quality,
Lydynia river water and ground water quality, air quality,
land surface protection, improvement of health, physical
culture and intellectual, inward development of people,
improvement of likeness of the town and ecological education
especially in the field of EU compliance.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice - Activities that
Promote Conservation Policies and Protect the Environment,
Panama [pdf]
Panama - ANCON was created to protect
and conserve the natural resources of the Republic of Panama.
This organization is a private non-profit association that
includes among its personnel biologists, zoologists, ecologists,
geographers, botanicals, forestry engineers, data and general
management professionals who dedicate their intellectual
efforts, capacities and skills in accomplishing the association's
objectives. To ensure this commitment, ANCON has promoted
the creation of policies and programs oriented to environmental
protection and community education. |
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international level
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Bartone, Carl (2001) - Urban Environmental Priorities.
Environment Strategy Background Paper - World Bank
[pdf]
The World Bank Group has embarked on a comprehensive effort
to develop a corporate environment strategy. The initial
phase of the preparation of the environment strategy has
mobilised a large number of World Bank Group staff who work
in various Regions and a wide range of sectors. This phase
included the preparation of thematic background papers to
describe emerging issues for discussion. This report is
one of those background papers. It is intended as a vehicle
to help a stocktaking process and stimulate a dialogue within
the World Bank Group, as well as with its client countries,
partners, and other interested stakeholders.
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Bretton Woods Project (2003) - Managing Sustainability
World Bank-Style, An Evaluation of the World Development
Report 2003 - Bretton Woods Project / Heinrich Böll
Foundation [pdf]
The World Banks annual World
Development Report (WDR) is the Banks flagship publication.
This years WDR 2003 entitled Dynamic Development in
a Sustainable World Given the importance of the World
Bank as both major global development agency and major development
financier, the Banks most up-to-date thinking
about an ecologically, socially and economically- balanced
development deserves scrutiny, attention and critical vigilance
by an engaged civil society.
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Centro de Estudios para la Sustentabilidad (1997) - Ecological
Footprint of Nations How Much Nature Do They Use? How Much
Nature do They Have? [pdf]
This "Footprints of Nations" report compares
the ecological impact of 52 large nations, inhabited by
80 percent of the world population. It also shows to what
extent their consumption can be supported by their local
ecological capacity. One key finding is that today, humanity
as a whole uses over one third more resources and eco-services
than what nature can regenerate. In 1992, this ecological
deficit was only one quarter. After introducing the rationale
and assessment method for this study, the report explains
how such biophysical analyses can help build a sustainable
future.
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Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG) (2003)
- Power to the People-Sustainable energy solutions for
the world’s poor [pdf]
Two billion people have no access to electricity and up
to three
billion depend on bio-mass (wood, charcoal and dung) to
meet their
household energy needs. Energy services have a critical
role in
achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The UN
Commission on Sustainable Development has called access
to
sustainable energy a “prerequisite” for halving
poverty by 2015.
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websites |
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World Development Report
2003 - World Bank
The Report is about improving well-being
and protecting what people value and want to pass on to
their children.
Its messages, in brief, are these: For people to thrive,
assets must thrive. A broad portfolio of assets -- physical,
financial, human, social, and environmental -- needs to
be managed responsibly if development is to be sustainable
-- because of thresholds and complementarities assets.
Download:
Cover
Overview
Chapter 6
Chapter 8
Whole publication (www)
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Documents highlighting DFID's published
work in support of sustainability and sustainable
ecological footprints of urban areas and activities. |
"Watershed
management in Nueva Vizcaya" - Allen, Adriana;
Nicholas You (2002) – Sustainable Urbanisation:
Bridging the Green and Brown Agendas –
DPU [pdf]
Philippines - Watershed management
requires the protection of natural ecosystems and
management of land uses.
However, where watersheds are located in areas such
as peri-urban zones, population pressure, poverty,
and lack of legal title to land can often mean that
local populations are forced to rely on livelihood
activities
which damage watersheds. One example of how such a
situation has been addressed is the case of Barobbob
Watershed in the Philippines. |
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Integrated Hotel Waste Management System in Bali -
Ibid. [pdf]
Indonesia - In partnership with hotels
and waste haulers Wisnu Foundation, a local NGO, initiated
a programme to use waste as a resource in order to
contribute to more sustainable tourism development.
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"Catching
Rain in the Drain" - Ibid.[pdf]
India - Chennai has been facing
water shortages for decades, heightened in the
wake of droughts experienced in the last few years.
The shortfall in public
water supply is met by private wells in individual
houses - but this unplanned
over-exploitation of groundwater sources has resulted
in depletion
of the water table, causing well failures and seawater
intrusion. Rainwater, however, is abundant. |
"Large-Scale utilisation of
Solar Energy" - Ibid. [pdf]
Cyprus - The island of Cyprus, in
the eastern
Mediterranean, has a population of 663,300 inhabitants.
Cyprus does not have any indigenous fossil fuel resources
and is almost totally dependent on
imported energy products, mainly crude oil and refined
products. With the island's dry Mediterranean climate
and abundant sunlight, solar energy is one of the
few locally available sources of energy. For this
reason, Cyprus has invested in a policy of future
energy use centred on renewable energy sources, and
solar energy in particular. |
Paudel, Shyam K & Paul Follet
(2003) - Proceedings of Bamboo housing workshop
March 2003 , Kumasi Ghana - INBAR / BARADEP [pdf]
Ghana - Bamboo has a long history
as a building material in manyparts of the world.
It is light, strong and easy to grow. In spite of
these advantages, it is widely perceived as a temporary,
poor man’s material. However, with careful specification
and design, safe, secure and durable bamboo shelter
is achievable at a price that is
within reach of even the poorest communities in developing
countries. Even when issues of durability and strength
are resolved, the question of acceptability remains.
A bamboo building need not look ‘low-cost’
– imaginative design and the use of other locally
available materials within the cultural context can
make the building desirable rather than just acceptable.
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Affordable housing using Bamboo
and Bamboo Composites (2001) - IPIRTI / TRADA
& DFID [pdf]
India - A one-day Seminar on “Affordable
housing using Bamboo and Bamboo Composites”
was jointly organized by IPIRTI, Bangalore & TRADA
Technology, U.K., at
IPIRTI, Bangalore on 20th March 2001. The collaborative
work of IPIRTI and TRADA
Technology Ltd., U.K. under DFID funded KaR Project
“Bamboo Shelter demonstration
of best construction practices” was highlighted.
A demonstration house using
bamboo, Bamboo Mat Board (BMB) and Bamboo Mat Corrugated
Sheets (BMCS)
in combination with other building materials constructed
in IPIRTI premises was on
display.
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"Renewable Energy in Remote
Settlements of Inner Mongolia" - Wakely, Patrick;
Nicholas You (2001) – Implementing the Habitat
Agenda: In Search of Urban Sustainability - DPU
[pdf]
Mongolia - The high cost of central
electricity supply in
remote settlements is often a barrier to providing
these areas with energy. Solar PV
and wind power systems are viable solutions for providing
clean, renewable and reliable electricity to remote
areas. GTZ's
experience with renewable energy systems in Inner
Mongolia demonstrates their extensive economic and
social benefits.
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Appleton,
J.; Ali, M. & Cotton, A. (2000) - Success
and Sustainability indicators - A tool to assess primary
collection schemes - DFID / WEDC [Intro]
[Part
A] [Part
B]
A list of success and sustainability indicators for
primary solid waste collection systems was prepared
by the project team as part of the DFID Knowledge
and Research (KaR) research project, Capacity Building
for Primary Collection of Solid Waste (R 7143). The
indicators were prepared to help field workers undertake
impact assessments of primary solid waste collection
schemes. This booklet presents the indicators, how
they may be used and the results of the field tests. |
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