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URBAN
INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES
& MANAGEMENT | shelter, settlement and housing
Enhancing shelter &
settlement management includes measures to encourage slum
improvement and neighbourhood rehabilitation for the urban
poor, recognising informal shelter and settlement development,
making suitable provision for the homeless, and providing
the planning frameworks suited to expansion in ‘affordable’
housing.
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local level
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Boonyabancha, Somsook (2000) - Bridging the Finance
Gap in Housing and infrastructure - Cambodia: The Urban
Poor Development Fund (UPDF) A Case Study - Homeless
International [pdf]
Cambodia - The violent political unrest
has left the country with a lack of human and financial
resources within government administrations and civil society.
Today, poor planning hinders most aspects of development
in the country as a whole and as a result more and more
people are migrating to the capital city. Phnom Penh has
therefore become the centre for hope and employment for
many people in Cambodia. Phnom Penh, the capital-city and
main urban centre, is now filled with the noisy energy of
building, trading and growth. For those with nerve and resources,
the city offers many opportunities to make money in a relatively
unregulated environment. The local economy is expanding,
making the city a magnet for investment from around Asia
and elsewhere. It also draws an increasing number of migrants
from the provinces – most of them poor – who
come to the city looking for work believing that, after
decades of upheaval, it is on the brink of a boom and offers
employment opportunities for cheap labour. For the poor,
the climb to prosperity is not easy. The city needs the
poor, whose cheap labour is vital to economic growth, but
is slow to acknowledge that they too have needs. In the
mean time, they must live in squalid and dangerous conditions,
without secure land tenure or basic services.
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KOCER (2002) - The Last Resort of Destitute Families
in Korea - KOCER / ACHR [pdf]
South Korea - A residentially destitute
class that makes their home in a poor environment that does
not meet minimum housing standards exist in no small amount.
This class include a diverse range of people from street-sleepers
to people who rent small spaces in basements and rooftops
to shanty towns dwellers. Vinyl house community residents
are also included in the residentially destitute class.
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Florencia Almansi et al. (n.d) - Everyday Water Struggles
in Buenos Aires: The Problem of Land Tenure in the Expansion
of Potable Water and Sanitation Service to Informal
Settlements - WaterAid / IIED [pdf]
Argentina - Joveli, Elisa and Cristina
are women from three informal settlements in the Greater
Buenos Aires and Greater La Plata Area. This area can be
visualised as a continuous urban and suburban area of three
rings extending from the City of Zarate down to La Plata,
some 100 kilometers across, facing the river. At the centre
of the rings is the city of Buenos Aires, the federal capital.
Elisa lives in San Fernando, which is in the north of Buenos
Aires. Joveli lives in Moreno, the westernmost municipality
in the second ring. Cristina is in La Plata, at the end
of the conurbation on the southeast. The stories of these
three women, and the communities where they come from, reveal
much about the drama and ‘everyday struggles’
over land and access to services by poor people in unplanned,
informal and illegal settlements.
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Mc Leod, Ruth (2002) - Bridging the Finance Gap in Housing
and infrastructure - India; SPARC A Case Study - Homeless
International [pdf]
India - This case study examines the management
of risks taken by a range of stakeholders in seeking to
develop safe and secure housing for slum and pavement dwellers
in Mumbai, India. The stakeholders are diverse, and the
methodology used to examine the risks taken and how they
are managed and mitigated, has been developed as dialogue
with the main players has taken place and our insights have
deepened. The study constituted an initial pilot in a broader
investigation into how significant gaps in the provision
of financial services to the poor can be addressed. Two
specific projects initiated by SPARC and the (Indian) National
Slum Dwellers Federation (NSDF) are described and explored.
The first, Kanjurmarg, comprises the resettlement of over
900 families previously living in shacks along the central
railway track in Mumbai. The second, Rajiv Indira-Suryodaya,
is a slum rehabilitation project initiated by NSDF and SPARC
with two co-operative housing societies in Dharavi, Mumbai’s
largest slum.
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Olórtegui, Ingrid G (2001 ) - Informal Settlers
in lima - Peru - May 2001 ESF/N-AERUS workshop [pdf]
Peru - Informal settlements have resulted
from the activity of people trying to satisfy their basic
needs in an adverse situation. The origin of the biggest
manifestation of informal settlers in Lima came from the
provinces of the country almost half a century ago. The
third generation of this border people is on the way to
continue the process of informality one more time, still
not enough time to find solutions at the governmental level.
The reduced attention oriented to the provinces of the country
is increasing this migration problem, and its consequences
are more and more serious.
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Oriaro, Margaret (2000) - Bridging the Finance Gap in
Housing and Infrastructure - Kenya: Nachu - A Case Study
- Homeless International [pdf]
Kenya - This case study describes the
work and achievements of the “Fundación Pro
Habitat” (the Pro Habitat Foundation) in Bolivia since
1992, and concludes by proposing a way forward on the basis
on that foundation. To allow a better understanding of what
has been, and can be, achieved as a result of that work,
the study also offers a description of the national context,
as well as the legal, financial, institutional and regulatory
frameworks within which Pro Habitat has operated.
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Rojas, Rafael E. (2000) - Bridging the Finance Gap in
Housing and Infrastructure - Bolivia: Fundacion Pro Habitat
- Homeless International [pdf]
Bolivia - This case study describes the
work and achievements of the “Fundación Pro
Habitat” (the Pro Habitat Foundation) in Bolivia since
1992, and concludes by proposing a way forward on the basis
on that foundation. To allow a better understanding of what
has been, and can be, achieved as a result of that work,
the study also offers a description of the national context,
as well as the legal, financial, institutional and regulatory
frameworks within which Pro Habitat has operated.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice -Baghdad Neighbourhood
Rehabilitation [pdf]
Iraq - After more than 10 years of sanctions,
local governments of Iraq have no longer been able to meet
the housing needs (housing, water supply, sanitation, solid
waste collection etc.) of their people. To put the concept
of community participation into practice, pilot schemes
of essential remedial measures have been undertaken in four
low-income neighbourhoods in Baghdad. These areas are characterised
by severe dilapidation of the living environment, infrastructure
and services. The pilot schemes aim at improving the living
conditions in human settlements in Iraq through the support
of NGOs and the inhabitants themselves, thus reducing the
burden on the municipalities.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice -Reintegration program
for the Homeless to farming environment, Antananarivo
[pdf]
Madagascar - Madagascar, with a population
of 16 million people, is a least developed Island State
located in the Indian Ocean. Economic and social crises
have affected the country since 1970, increasing overall
poverty levels. Hoping for a better life, peasants migrated
to the capital city, Antananarivo but many have joined the
homeless. In 2001, 10,000 people, including 6,000 children,
were living in the streets of Antananarivo. They live off
alms and have no access to basic sanitation facilities or
medical care, and feed from dumpsters. In response to this
pressing social issue the Franciscan family created ASA
in June 1991 under the aegis of CIFM, the Inter-Franciscan
Order of Madagascar. A.S.A.'s main objective is to reintegrate
whole families in farming environment after a series of
intense two-year agricultural studies.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice - Quamrul Islam Siddique-Case
Study on a Slum Improvement Project in Dhaka Metropolitan
City [pdf]
Bangladesh - The case study on the Slum
Improvement Project (SIP) in Dhaka Metropolitan City, by
the Local Government Engineering Department (as of 1991),
was undertaken to highlight some of the innovative socio-economic
programmes implemented for urban slum dwellers, as well
as some lessons learned from them. The overall achievement
of the SIP is satisfactory, as the model made a breakthrough
in providing an integrated package of basic physical, social,
and economic infrastructure services to the urban poor.
Of all SIP components, the micro-credit programme has been
found to be particularly successful and most attractive.
Many poor households have increased their incomes using
this facility. The SIP has significantly raised levels of
health awareness among slum dwellers, resulting in significant
reductions in the incidence of numerous diseases.
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Vaa, Mariken - "Housing policy after political transition:
the case of Bamako" - Environment & Urbanization,
Vol 12 No 1, April 2000 - IIED [pdf]
Mali - This paper describes the new policy
on urban development and housing which the Malian government
launched after its transition to democracy in 1991 and discusses
its effectiveness in reaching low-income groups in Bamako.
After outlining Bamako’s growth and housing situation,
and the 1991 political transition, the paper describes the
new housing policy, formally adopted in 1995. The policy’s
stated objective was to improve access to housing for low-income
groups and it contained an ambitious programme of legalization
and upgrading covering most of the city’s unauthorized
settlements. However, this programme soon ran into difficulties
and was suspended by government decree after only four years.
Some institutional innovations regarding urban land markets
and public works have been more successful but their relevance
to improving poorer groups’ access to housing is limited.
The legalization and upgrading programme has recently been
resumed but its usefulness for low income households is
still in question.
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city level
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Chularathna, H.M.U. (2000) - Land Tenure Issues and
Improvement of Urban Low Income Settlements – Experiences
of Colombo, Sri Lanka - Sevanatha [pdf]
Sri Lanka - This paper reviews past and
present development programmes of low income housing improvement
in the city of Colombo, Sri Lanka.
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Sliuzas, Richard (2001) - The role of knowledge and
opinions in understanding dynamics of informal housing in
Dar es Salaam - May 2001 ESF/N-AERUS workshop [pdf]
Tanzania - The formulation of policies
related to informal housing and the development and implementation
of intervention strategies in specific informal settlements
are processes that should, ideally, be based upon a good
understanding of the dynamics in such areas. In practice,
in cities with a highly dynamic informal housing sector,
the data that is required as a basis for this understanding
is likely to be limited by deficiencies in either the spatial,
thematic or temporal domains. For instance, official maps,
a potential source of data on physical development processes
of settlement creation, expansion and consolidation, may
not cover the full extent of urban development at required
scales and be produced irregularly at an interval of as
much as 10 years. Thematically, our understanding of socio-economic
processes in informal housing may also be limited by a lack
of information on relevant variables.
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Soares, Paulo Roberto Rodrigues - Understanding the
map of irregular and informal settlements in the south of
Brazil - May 2001 ESF/N-AERUS workshop [pdf]
Brazil - The subject of the illegality
and informality of the urban settlements is intrinsically
related with the urbanization process in Brazil, so that
the Country is globally known by the "favelas"
of the great cities. However, the phenomenon tends to sprawl
for almost all the Brazilian cities starting from a certain
size and development level. Pelotas (300,000 inhabitants)
is a medium city of the south of Brazil, near to the border
with Uruguay. We may consider it as a typical Brazilian
and Latin-American city, sharing all the contradictions
that characterize these urban areas. The purpose of this
paper is to discuss the phenomenon of the irregular human
settlements in the city, a structural component of its urban
development, which could be classified as spacelly modernizator
and socially conservative and unequal.
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Taher, Nadia - Socio-Political and Economic Costs of
a Donnor-Led Housing Programme: The Case of Rashed - Greater
Cairo - Working Paper N° 84 - DPU [pdf]
Egypt - This paper will examine the socio-political
and economic impacts of one of the largest USAID housing
Projects in Egypt, `Housing and Community Upgrading For
Low Income Egyptians'2 which was initiated by USAID in 1976.
The Project, with a budget of $160 Million, was co-funded
by the Government of Egypt (GOE) and USAID. It was located
in Helwan, which is an industrial suburb 30 Km south from
the centre of Cairo.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice - A solution for the
housing, Izmit [pdf]
Turkey - 1. To prevent unhealthy and unplanned
development of slump areas around the borders of the city
as seen in many fast developing industrial cities due to
immigration of people mostly from the villages and sometimes
from the other countries. To control settlement of people
according to the city development plans. Since our city
is in the first degree earthquake risk zone we had taken
to take measures accordingly during designing these sites
and buildings.
2. To provide affordable, modern and healthy houses with
all infrastructure investments to the people who aren’t
previously home owners. The prices of the houses should
be an affordable price so that it should be like paying
house rent so that it make homeless people become home owners;
provided that the payments should meet the inflationary
pressures on the real value of the money invested by the
municipality.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice - Pilot resettlement
project, Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam [pdf]
Vietnam - Binh Trung Dông
(BTD) ressettlement project :The projects carried out by
Villes en Transition aim to contribute to a renewal of urban
planning and management tools for planners and decision
makers in transition cities. During the last 15 years, Vietnam
housing policy was characterised by a hesitation between
improvement on the spot (experimented at the end of the
80s) and relocation in blocks of flats inadapted to the
poor in terms of form and price. The second tendency, which
profoundly marked the 90s was an obsession for new and modern
dwellings, rediscovered since the opening up of the country
to the market economy. It also revealed a firm will to stop
illegal urban immigration.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice -Projeto Terra (the
land project), Espirito Santo [pdf]
Brazil - Projeto Terra (the Land Project)
aims at eradicating poverty and organising urban land use
through an integrated set of public works, social actions
and public services, environmental preservation, income
generation, land tenure and security. It also aims at improving
the quality of life in various neighborhoods of the municipality
where people live in dilapidated houses.The Project is designed
to reach 36 neighborhoods, or 6.09 km2, with 86,462 inhabitants
(33% of the city's total population), focusing on the most
needy urban areas, where families have an average of 3.2
children and are often headed by women, with a per capita
monthly income of less than US$ 10.58. As of 2001, Land
Project improvements had reached 75% of the target population,
covering nine of the 15 target neighbourhoods.
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international level
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Berner, Erhard (2000) - Informal developers, patrons,
and the state: Institutions and regulatory mechanisms in
popular housing - May 2000 ESF/N-AERUS workshop - Oxfam
[pdf]
Black markets and shadow economies are coming into the
bright light of research and policy making (not only) in
the sector of popular housing. Now termed 'self-help housing',
squatting in the cities of developing countries is increasingly
seen as a solution much rather than a problem. Based on
John Turner's seminal work, state regulation of the sector
and public provision of housing in particular, are criticized
as unrealistic, unacceptable to large parts of society,
and highly counterproductive. In this neopopulist perspective
(that has striking parallels to a neoliberal one), it is
the informal sector that offers the main potential for fulfilling
the shelter needs of rapidly growing urban populations.
Its promotion is a centerpiece of 'enabling' or 'assisted
self-help' strategies now promoted by many agencies headed
by the World Bank (though in hardly any place translated
into systematic policies).
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Jack, Malcom (n.d) - Poverty, Children and Shelter
- Homeless International [pdf]
The importance of the relationship between housing and
poverty, and its particular relevance to the situation of
children, is not always acknowledged in international development
policy. Secure, good quality housing and its associated
infrastructure (water, sanitation, drainage, electricity
and waste disposal) is vital to people's wellbeing, but
many poor people find that they do not have sufficient access
to them. Similarly, relocation, forced eviction and the
impact of natural
disasters (all acute problems to poor families living in
rudimentary facilities) particularly threaten children's
welfare and development. For example, poor quality, insecure
housing imposes enormous health and safety costs on its
inhabitants. Children's educational opportunities are also
severely restricted by a family's need to concentrate time
and money on maintaining shelter and related infrastructure,
often requiring children to take on basic domestic responsibilities
and / or income-generating tasks from an early age.
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Mc Leod, Ruth & David Satterthwaite (n.d) - Why
Housing? The Significance of Housing Investment As a Means
Of Eliminating Poverty - Homeless International [pdf]
Poor people are frequently described as 'living in poverty',
but few aid agencies have given any priority to directly
improving their living conditions. Perhaps this is because
the importance to poor people of secure, good quality housing
and its associated infrastructure (water, sanitation, drainage,
electricity and waste disposal) has frequently been underestimated...
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Scott, Leckie (1999) - Housing Rights - UNDP [pdf]
Can housing rights be defined to be classified as enforceable
human rights? · How absolute is the guarantee provided
by housing rights? · Are states obliged to build
homes for everyone once they accept housing rights? ·
Are housing rights recognised under national laws? ·
Are states that have accepted housing rights required to
adopt national legislation? · Can housing rights
be violated in the same way as other human rights? ·
Are housing rights affordable? · Are housing rights
really rights or merely goals or aspirations?
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SPARC - Norms and standards in Urban Development
- SPARC [pdf]
The founder-members of SPARC were not professionals in
urban development and housing. Hence, the rules and regulations
that determine planning in the city, allocation of resources
and space, slum upgrading and redevelopment were never considered
sacrosanct. There was no history of being socialized into
an acceptance of the parameters laid down by the Municipal
Corporation or the State Government. Since SPARC began its
work with pavement-dwellers, this constituency of the poorest
of the poor in the city remained the touch-stone to assess
the fairness or otherwise of norms and standards set by
the State and its agencies. There is no doubt that the Independence
of India marked a significant break from the past: the new
governments in the States and at the Centre set social and
economic equality as the centrepieces of the planning framework.
However, independent India inherited many of the bureaucratic
and technical perspectives from its colonial past. There
is an enduring belief amongst town planners and other professionals
that the subject is a technical one and therefore to be
dealt with only by those who have technical expertise.
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UN Economic and Social Council - Commission on Human Rights
- (2001) - Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate
housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard
of living - United Nations [pdf]
The development of the human right to adequate housing
as a legal and advocacy tool has gained momentum during
the past decade, particularly through the consistent work
of civil society. The related embedding of this right in
the United Nations human rights programme and as a key component
of the Habitat Agenda have ensured the recognition of the
right to housing as a cornerstone human right. Notwithstanding
this, it is clear that in reality, the general housing situation
is deteriorating for the majority of poor and vulnerable
groups. Available statistical estimates suggest that there
are at least 100 million people in the world living with
no shelter at all. Between 30 and 70 million children worldwide
are living on the streets.
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Ward, Peter M. - The Rehabilitation of Consolidated
Irregular Settlements in Latin American Cities: Towards
a Third Generation of Public Policy Housing Analysis and
Development - May 2001 ESF/N-AERUS workshop [pdf]
Against the 1980s-90s backdrop of democratic change, government
decentralization and downsizing, the privatization of social
policy and devolution to local government, there is an urgent
need for a new phase of research and normative policy development.
This "third generation" approach also stems from
within a sustainable and local government implementation
paradigm. The paper reports on proposed research that will
begin to address the understudied arena of urban revitalization
- specifically in this case the older irregular settlements
that were established twenty or more years ago. These areas
are relatively fully consolidated, comprising as they do
all services, paved streets and brick-built often two-story
dwellings, etc. However, while many of the original owner-settler
households remain, these areas are mixed residential and
tenure, offering an important housing niche for some of
the most vulnerable families: female headed households,
the elderly, and others who form part of the so-called "new
poor" who are increasingly excluded from the urban
economy as well as from public and private welfare supports.
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weblinks |
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Documents
highlighting DFID's work in support of shelter and
housing in urban areas:
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Baumann,
Ted, Joel Bolnick & Diana Mitlin (2001) - The
age of cities and organizations of the urban poor:
the work of the South African Homeless People’s
Federation and the
People’s Dialogue on Land and Shelter -
IIED / DFID [pdf]
South Africa - The South African
Homeless People’s Federation was established
in 1994 to represent autonomous local organizations
that had developed savings and credit schemes and
were developing their own housing schemes. Its national
character, active membership, autonomy and
high level of participation make it one of the most
significant housing movements in Africa. With
over 80,000 households within its member groups, power
and decision making are highly decentralized with
individual organizations responsible for their own
development activity and
direction.
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Patel,
Sheela; Diana Mitlin & Mahila Milan (2001) - The
work of SPARC, the National Slum Dwellers Federation
- IIED / DFID [pdf]
India - This paper describes the
work of an Indian NGO, SPARC and its Alliance with
the women’s cooperatives (Mahila Milan) formed
by pavement dwellers and the National Slum Dwellers
Federation. This Alliance has shown how work in many
different areas such as community-based savings and
credit groups, pilot projects, housing construction,
the development of toilet blocks and the management
of resettlement can contribute to poverty reduction,
as long as these are based on what communities can
do for themselves and the communities retain control. |
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