Sharing Research - Iconicity and Embodiment on Tour
26 February 2012
In the press, at the podium
DCAL
Co-Director Professor Gabriella Vigliocco, who is also Professor of the
Psychology of Language in the Department of Cognitive, Perceptual and
Brain Sciences at University College London, and Director of the
Language and Cognition Laboratory at University College London, has
been able to take her research work on iconicity and embodiment in
language to a wide range of audiences over several months - to
international academic audiences at a number of conferences and to the
wider community via contributing to a fascinating article in New Scientist magazine published in August 2011 by David Robson, Biology Features Editor. The idea for the article came about after he read the paper by Pamela
Perniss, Robin Thompson and Gabriella Vigliocco, published in Frontiers
in Psychology (2010) discussing iconicity in signed and spoken
languages.
Iconicity and Lewis Carroll
Broadly, iconicity is the conceived similarity between the form of a sign (linguistic or otherwise) and its meaning. The New Scientist piece brings this concept to life with its reference to Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking Glass, quoting the passage where Alice and the enormous egg-shaped Humpty Dumpty meet. In response to Alice's questioning Humpty Dumpty's assertion that a name must mean something, he replies "Of course it must….My name means the shape I am - and a good handsome shape it is, too. With a name like yours, you might be any shape, almost."
A journey through the history of linguistics
The article starts out by briefly tracing the long history in the study of linguistics in which so many have held the assumption that "words are just collections of sounds - an agreed acoustic representation that has little to do with their actual meaning". It then goes on to discuss the intriguing findings of various individuals over the centuries who went against received wisdom, suggesting rather that humans seem instinctively to link certain sounds with particular sensory perceptions. In particular Robson cites the pioneering research (1929) of German psychologist Wolfgang Kohler whose work asking people to label two meaningless shapes - one spiky and the other curved as either takete or baluba - provided a turning point (most DCAL Newsletter readers will no doubt also choose takete for the spiky shape and baluba for the curvy one). The author quotes Gabriella when reflecting on how Kohler's findings attracted little attention, and that although others returned to the subject every now and then, the findings were not taken seriously by the mainstream.
The rest of the
article explores what David Robson terms a "spate" of research around
iconicity and related areas that has taken place since 2000. This
research as a whole suggests "some words really do evoke Humpty's
'handsome' rotundity. Others might bring to mind a spiky appearance, a
bitter taste, or a sense of swift movement. And when you know where to
look, these patterns crop up surprisingly often, allowing a monoglot
English speaker to understand more Swahili or Japanese than you might
imagine."
Robson debates whether this combined
research evidence makes a strong enough case that sound symbolism
pervades human language, whilst he also acknowledges that big questions
remain. In his article he roams around the research findings - how
humans link certain sounds to certain shapes, or to flavours and styles
of movement; and considers how sound symbolism could shed light on the
origins of language: "while there's good reason to believe that humans
first developed the neural toolkit for language through hand gestures,
for example, how did we make the transition to the spoken word?"
Again
Robson quotes Gabriella: "Manual gestures seem like an obvious way [to
imitate], but vocal imitation is possible as well, from imitating the
shape of an object with the shape of the mouth, to imitating the size
of an object by adjusting the length of the vocal tract."
The
whole New Scientist article is fascinating and must surely inspire
readers to consider examples of iconicity in everyday life and in
spoken languages, and ways in which our own senses respond to different
words and concepts. For DCAL's Gabriella and her research team, the
subject goes into deeper areas and to places where spoken language and
sign language meet; given that in order to understand how language and
cognition relate to each other we need to account for iconicity in both
signed and spoken languages.
And so to Spain
On 30 September 2011 Gabriella Vigliocco spoke at the Symposium on Embodiment titled, "Where is Embodiment Going?", sponsored by the Association for Psychological Science (APS), at the European Society for Cognitive Psychology (ESCOP). The symposium was held at Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain. Gabriella was one of four speakers, together with Arthur Glenberg (Arizona State University, USA), Gün R Semin (Utrecht University, Netherlands) and Bernhard Hommel (Leiden University, Netherlands).
Embodiment
Briefly, embodiment is the idea that human cognition, including language, thinking and our social behaviour is grounded in the brain's and body's physiology. It represents a new theoretical direction for research that contrasts with previous views according to which human cognition was seen as fully separate from other brain's functions like perception and action. While it is quite intuitive to think that thinking about running may evoke in the mind sensations of actually running, as advocated by embodiment theory, it is far less intuitive to link abstract notions such as "culture", "religion" etc to bodily states.
In
her presentation Gabriella discussed how abstract concepts can be
embodied, arguing that they are grounded in our inner emotional states.
Connecting abstract concepts with emotional states could play a key
role in making abstract concepts learnable, given that these concepts
are otherwise harder (because less familiar, harder to imagine and
often with less well defined meanings) than concrete concepts. .
Gabriella
focused on research carried out with David Vinson, Stavroula Kousta,
from UCL and Stefano Cappa from San Raffaele, Milan, showing that
abstract words tend to have emotional associations far more often than
concrete words and that this difference implies that abstract words
recruit emotion systems in the brain more than concrete words. In
collaboration with Neil Fox, Daniel Roberts and David Vinson, she is
continuing to investigate how embodiment applies to signed and spoken
languages in projects sponsored by the ESRC and National Institute of
Health, USA, linked to DCAL.
Gabriella
believes that iconicity is central to embodiment because it is via
iconic links that language may become connected to events in the world.
Think of the child learning language: how does she know that the word
"cat" in English refers to that furry animal? Perhaps the fact that the
first label often used in spoken English is "meow" helps, given that
"meow" sounds similar to the noise made by the animal.
The ESCOP
conference, founded in 1985, is the foremost conference for Cognitive
Sciences in Europe. It has been held bi-annually in different European
countries since 1999. The September 2011 conference was attended by
nearly 1,000 people, mainly from Europe, but also from a variety of
other countries.
Gabriella sums up from a
busy time taking her research to a varied audience as follows: "It is a
great time to study language and cognition. Embodiment as thought of
right now is too simplistic to explain how people think, but this
theoretical framework is giving us new exciting directions for
research, especially in sign language. This is exactly how progress is
made in science."
More information is available on the symposium on the APS website.
Moreover,
you may like to know that Gabriella will bring the issue of embodiment
to an event (titled:" How the Body shapes the Mind") for the British
Association of Science Festival of British Science, which will be held
in Dundee, September 4-7th and which will include Gun Semin, Arthur
Glenberg and Stefano Cappa as speakers.
What if?
Iconicity in the New Year
More
or less at the time this newsletter is sent out to you, on 7 and 8
January 2012, a workshop organised by DCAL's Professor Gabriella
Vigliocco and titled "WHAT IF... the study of language started from the
investigation of signed, rather than spoken, languages?" will be taking
place in the Psychology Building at University College London (UCL).
Sponsored by the Experimental Psychology Society (EPS) with further
support from DCAL and the Cognitive, Perceptual and Brain Sciences
(CPB) Research Department at UCL, more information will be made
available after the event to all interested - either via a DCAL press
release or in the next DCAL newsletter. However for those wishing to
know more sooner, the best is to visit the workshop website:
In advance of the workshop, the overview is as follows:
The status quo
Our
understanding of the cognitive and neural underpinnings of language
learning and processing has been highly influenced by the fact that
empirical research and theoretical development has been based on spoken
language. Since the 1970s, researchers have begun to recognise the
importance of investigating signed languages in order to determine
which aspects of language can be considered to be universal and which,
instead, ought to be regarded as modality-specific. However, the study
of sign languages has been driven in large part by the theoretical
ideas developed for spoken languages. As a result, the general approach
has been to assess when sign languages behave like spoken languages
(supporting universals) and when they do not (supporting
modality-specific features of language).
The challenge
This
workshop sets to challenge this approach by asking whether the
traditional theoretical ideas about language that have been developed
so far would, in fact, have played a central role in our thinking if we
had started the investigation of language based on visual, rather than
acoustic, systems. In order to make this very broad issue tractable,
we plan to focus on two separate but related areas, both of which have
begun to receive attention: iconicity and multiple channels of
communication (especially the integration of manual and oral/mouth
actions).
Speakers
Eminent speakers
who will be joining Gabriella to discuss these two areas include: Adam
Kendon (University of Pennsylvania, USA), Sotaro Kita (University of
Birmingham, UK), Karen Emmorey (San Diego State University, USA), Ulf
Liszkowski (MPI for Psycholinguistics, NL), Padraic Monaghan (Lancaster
University, UK), Asli Özyürek (Radboud University Nijmegen & MPI
for Psycholinguistics, NL), and Jeremy Skipper (Hamilton College, USA).
Discussants are DCAL Director, Bencie Woll and Marty Sereno (University
College London, UK).
We hope readers will enjoy finding out more via
the UCL website. DCAL looks forward to giving further updates on these
research areas in the near future.
A snapshot insight into the work of DCAL's Professor Gabriella Vigliocco
I
lead a team composed of psychologists, sign linguists, computer
scientists and cognitive neuroscientists sharing the vision that
understanding language and cognition requires integration of multiple
levels of analysis and methodological approaches.
The overarching goal of our work is understanding how language and other aspects of cognitive functioning relate to each other.
Over
the years, we have contributed to the understanding of how we represent
meaning, how cognition shapes language and how language shapes
cognition. We have challenged many traditional ideas about language,
such as the notion that language is a modular and purely symbolic
system that does not entail direct links with our sensory-motor and
affective experience. We have developed theoretical and computational
models of how meaning is represented and how sentences are produced
that account for language performance in terms of interactions among
different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information.
PHOTO
CAPTION: DCAL's Professor Gabriella Viggliocco presents at the
Association for Psychological Science (APS) Symposium on Embodiment
titled, "Where is Embodiment Going?" at the European Society for
Cognitive Psychology (ESCOP), September 2011, Spain.