In our research, we employ a machine readable transcription system instead of the standard IPA symbols which cannot be easily understood by computers. The JSRU (Joint Speech Research Unit) alphabet is a system developed for text-to-speech synthesis.
- The two main categories of sounds are consonants and vowels - go to the chart of the IPA sounds to find out more.
- Translation table of JSRU and SAMPA (another machine readable alphabet).
Consonants (IPA symbols are given if different from JSRU symbols)
|
JSRU
|
IPA
|
Example
|
Example
|
|
|
|
(word initial)
|
(non-initial)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
p
|
(same)
|
pen
|
lip
|
|
b
|
(same)
|
bad
|
nib
|
|
t
|
(same)
|
tea
|
light
|
|
d
|
(same)
|
do
|
lad
|
|
k
|
(same)
|
cat
|
crack
|
|
g
|
(same)
|
got
|
fog
|
|
ch
|
(IPA)
|
chin
|
watch
|
|
j
|
(IPA)
|
June
|
village
|
|
f
|
(same)
|
food
|
off
|
|
v
|
(same)
|
voice
|
give
|
|
th
|
(IPA)
|
thin
|
tenth
|
|
dh
|
(IPA)
|
then
|
with
|
|
s
|
(same)
|
same
|
success
|
|
z
|
(same)
|
zoo
|
was
|
|
sh
|
(IPA)
|
show
|
wash
|
|
zh
|
(IPA)
|
genre
|
beige
|
|
h
|
(same)
|
happy
|
behave
|
|
m
|
(same)
|
man
|
swim
|
|
n
|
(same)
|
know
|
gone
|
|
ng
|
(IPA)
|
N/A
|
sing
|
|
l
|
(same)
|
leg
|
girl
|
|
r
|
(IPA)
|
red
|
arrow
|
|
y
|
(IPA)
|
year
|
value
|
|
w
|
(same)
|
wet
|
quick
|
|
x
|
(IPA)
|
N/A
|
loch (Scottish)
|
|
gx
|
(IPA)
|
no example
|
glottal stop
|
Extra JSRU symbols for Spanish Consonants
|
JSRU
|
IPA
|
Example
|
Remarks
|
|
bh
|
(IPA)
|
haba
|
|
|
mg
|
(IPA)
|
confuso
|
|
|
gn
|
(IPA)
|
año
|
|
|
ly
|
(IPA)
|
llover
|
(ll)
|
|
xh
|
x
|
julio
|
(j)
|
|
jh
|
(IPA)
|
nieto
|
can use y which is
similar
|
|
gh
|
(IPA)
|
rogar
|
|
|
rx
|
(IPA)
|
perro
|
(Spanish 'dog') Trilled 'r'
|
|
rc
|
(IPA)
|
pero
|
(Spanish 'but') Tapped or flapped 'r'
|
Extra JSRU symbols for German Consonants
|
JSRU
|
IPA
|
Example
|
Remarks
|
|
cx
|
(IPA)
|
ich
|
|
|
rh
|
(IPA)
|
ragt
|
uvular fricative
|
|
pf
|
|
Pfand
|
affricate
|
|
tc
|
|
zahl
|
affricate
|
Vowels and Diphthongs
|
JSRU
|
IPA
|
Example
|
|
i
|
(IPA)
|
sit
|
|
o
|
(IPA)
|
got
|
|
oo
|
(IPA)
|
put
|
|
aa
|
(IPA)
|
hat
|
|
e
|
(IPA)
|
ten
|
|
u
|
(IPA)
|
cup
|
|
a
|
(IPA)
|
ago
|
|
ee/ey
|
(IPA)
|
see
|
|
aw
|
(IPA)
|
saw
|
|
uu
|
(IPA)
|
too
|
|
ar
|
(IPA)
|
arm
|
|
er
|
(IPA)
|
fur
|
|
ai
|
(IPA)
|
page
|
|
ie
|
(IPA)
|
eye
|
|
oi
|
(IPA)
|
boy
|
|
oa
|
(IPA)
|
home
|
|
ou
|
(IPA)
|
now
|
|
ia
|
(IPA)
|
beer
|
|
ei
|
(IPA)
|
bare
|
|
ur
|
(IPA)
|
tour
|
Extra JSRU symbols for German Vowels
|
JSRU
|
IPA
|
Example
|
Remarks
|
|
oe
|
(IPA)
|
Hölle
|
short vowel
|
|
ue
|
(IPA)
|
Tüttel
|
short vowel
|
|
ay
|
(IPA)
|
tatze
|
short vowel
|
|
oy
|
(IPA)
|
Topp
|
short vowel
|
|
ea
|
(IPA)
|
Tee
|
long vowel
|
|
ow
|
(IPA)
|
tot
|
long vowel
|
|
uy
|
(IPA)
|
Tüte
|
long vowel
|
|
or
|
(IPA)
|
töten
|
long vowel
|
|
eu
|
(IPA)
|
Leute
|
diphthong
|
|
ae
|
(IPA)
|
bitter
|
short vowel
|
|
eo
|
(IPA)
|
Ende
|
short vowel
|
|
ew
|
(IPA)
|
ähnlich
|
long vowel
|
**Note that extra symbols will be needed for transcribing other languages
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