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Guidance for supervisors and tutors on when to refer student ethics applications to the IOE Research Ethics Committee for consideration.
Generally, ethics reviews for student research are done by the student’s supervisor and another member of the student’s advisory panel (PhD/MPhil/MRes/EdD) or by the tutor and another member of the course team for all other students.
This though, is on the understanding that applications that are ethically problematic, or where the supervisor and reviewer disagree, should be passed up to the Research Ethics Committee for consideration. It is also important to note that the REC Chair/s, REC representatives in your department, and Research Ethics and Governance Coordinator can all advise you informally, either (a) to support your review process, or (b) to help you decide whether an application should be referred to the REC.
Important note: There are a number of contexts in which your students may need to get ethics approval from a committee external to IOE. These include:
- Research involving NHS patients, service uses (those using NHS services) and NHS premises must be ethically approved by the NHS National Research Ethics Service (NRES). Please note the following exceptions: Research involving NHS or social care staff recruited as research participants by virtue of their professional role does not usually require NHS ethical approval and so should be submitted through the Institute’s processes. Research activities defined by NRES as not requiring ethics review within the NRES processes include audit and service evaluation.
- Under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (Part 1 s2 and 3, MCA 2005) any research that proposes to involve the recruitment of participants aged 16 and above who lack capacity to consent to take part in the research or who later lose capacity during the research must have ethical approval by a recognised appropriate body such as the Social Care Research Ethics Committee or certain National Research Ethics Service RECs.
- Social research funded by the Department of Health and therefore requiring review by the Social Care Research Ethics Committee (SCREC).
- Research which involves human participants, and which is funded or sponsored by the Ministry of Defence (MOD) must secure approval from the MOD Research Ethics Committee (MODREC).
- Research that involves prisons, youth offending or probation services requires approval through the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) or NHS committee.
- If they are working in a local authority context, in which case they will need to liaise with the local authority in order to establish what their requirements are.
Please contact the Research Ethics Administrator for advice on these cases.
Cases where the supervisory team might consider passing a review to the IOE Research Ethics Committee:
A good test is whether or not a member of the public (or a member of a QAA inspection team) might question whether the ethics of the research has been adequately considered. Examples are:
- Work conducted with potentially vulnerable groups, or where participants might be taken advantage of. This would not inevitably include research with children, although the potential vulnerability of child participants should be taken into account when reviewing the research.
- Work in contexts where participants’ ability to consent may be compromised, either because the participants are unlikely to have an adequate understanding of what the research involves or because of power structures in the context. For example:
- Research where subjects/participants are incarcerated or in an environment where there are other significant power inequalities.
- Research in cultural contexts where participants may not understand concepts of consent or of research, or may not be accustomed to being able to say ‘no’ to perceived authority figures.
- Work in relation to programmes or interventions which involve some element of coercion.
- Research where subjects are being asked to participate by someone with institutional authority over them.
- Work where it is reasonably likely that there will be issues around disclosure, e.g. in relation to child protection issues.
- Work where deception is required, or where there may be challenges in gaining informed consent.
- Work on a particularly sensitive or controversial topic.
- Situations where you are concerned that a student may not act on your advice in relation to ethics issues, for example, because they disagree with your assessment of ethics risks.
The Research Ethics Committee is there to support the supervisory team. Cases which may give rise to concern might include:
- Use of methodologies the student and/or supervisors you are not familiar with.
- Where the supervisors feel that there are (or may be) ethical subtleties that they have not encountered before.
- Work in contexts that may raise particular ethics concerns – e.g. research in the student workplace (which can raise issues around consent, access to data, and objectivity).
- Work in contexts where ability to consent may be compromised (as noted above), or with potentially vulnerable groups.
- Work that involves matching data sets in a way which might enable individuals to be identified.
- Areas where the ethics issues are known to be contested.
Questions to ask
The ESRC Framework for Research Ethics (FRE) provides a checklist, which is designed to identify whether a piece of research is likely to involve ‘more than minimal risk’.
Note: It is not an IOE requirement that all student research involving more than minimal risk should be referred to the REC. However, in such cases, the reviewers must pay particular attention to the question of whether a further review is necessary, either by the REC, or, where appropriate, by a committee external to IOE (such as an NRES committee).