• Propulsive force
• Use of waves along all, or part, of the body
• Use of power and recovery strokes
• Jet propulsion

Movement on/in the substratum

• Movements over the substratum
• Animals that burrow
• Organisms that are attached to the substratum

• The need to disperse
• Strategies among the meroplankton
• Settlement after dispersal

• Drift and horizontal dispersal in streams and rivers
• Vertical migrations of plankton and reasons for this behaviour
• Vertical migrations in the substratum, including those by algae

Migration and long-range dispersal

• Long-range horizontal movements
• Migrations of organisms between fresh and sea water