The team, co-led by Phil Riris at Bournemouth University and Natalia Lozada Mendieta at the Universidad de los Andes in Colombia (both Institute of Archaeology alumni!), with Jose Oliver, published their results recently in Antiquity.
The engravings, found carved into rock faces along the Upper and Middle Orinoco River in Venezuela and Colombia, feature a range of imagery including depictions of giant snakes, human figures, and giant Amazonian centipedes. The snakes, believed to be boa constrictors or anacondas, played an important role in the myths and beliefs of the local indigenous population.
Some of the engravings are tens of metres long, with the largest measuring more than 40 metres in length, and are thought to have been used to mark the locations of prehistoric indigenous tribes. The team believe this is the largest single rock engraving recorded anywhere in the world.
While some of the sites were already known, the team discovered several more and mapped 14 sites of monumental rock engravings, including ones which are more than four metres wide or high. The team worked with local guides and used drone photography to record the sites.
It is difficult to date rock engravings but similar motifs used on pottery found in the area indicate that they were created up to about 2,000 years ago, possibly much earlier.
According to Jose:
The engravings are mainly concentrated along a stretch of the Orinoco River called the Atures Rapids, which would have been an important prehistoric trade and travel route. We think that the engravings are meant to be seen specifically from the Orinoco because most travel at the time would have been on the river. The Orinoco is generally quite navigable up to this point and so it would have been a natural stopping point. The archaeology tells us that it was it was a diverse environment and there was a lot of trade and interaction. This means it would have been a key point of contact, and so making your mark could have been all the more important because of that – marking out your local identity and letting visitors know that you are here.
Jose and colleagues conclude that it is vital that these monumental rock art sites are protected to ensure their preservation and continued study, with the indigenous peoples of the Orinoco region being central to this process.
The research was funded by the Leverhulme Trust, The Society of Antiquaries of London, Universidad de los Andes, the Fundación de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Nacionales (Colombia), and the British Academy.
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