Can weight loss improve employment prospects? Evidence suggests a link, but not clear answers

The relationship between body weight and employment outcomes is complex. While a higher body mass index (BMI) has been linked to outcomes such as unemployment, increased sick leave, and lower productivity, it is not always clear whether BMI is the direct cause of these outcomes. Factors such as lower levels of education may increase the likelihood of both unemployment and higher BMI. At the same time, unemployment itself may contribute to weight gain through increased stress, reduced income, and fewer opportunities for physical activity. As a result, it can be difficult to determine cause and effect.

To better understand this relationship, our researchers reviewed 14 studies examining the links between BMI and labour market outcomes. Most studies that assessed the impact of weight loss following bariatric surgery found that people were more likely to maintain employment, gain employment, or remain in work after surgery. However, evidence from studies that followed people over time was less consistent. Three studies found that a higher BMI was associated with a greater likelihood of unemployment, while two studies found no clear association.

This research suggests that losing weight probably does increase chances of getting back into employment, but the existing research is sparse and not strong. The studies included in our research seldom examined the long-term effects of BMI change on labour market outcomes. The studies also had largely varying rates of weight loss, underlying BMI status, and employment/unemployment rates, thus, it is difficult to extrapolate our findings to the general population. 

As obesity rates continue to rise across the UK, it is increasingly important to understand its broader social and economic impacts. Strengthening the evidence base will help policymakers design effective policies that support both public health and labour market participation.

Published 1 January 2024

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