Glossary - S
Semantics - in linguistics, semantics is the study of word meaning independent of context
Sense relation - relation between the meaning of words
Sentence meaning - semantic meaning, meaning independent of context
Social deixis - linguistic pointing to social differences
‘je’ is
the formal 2nd person singular in Dutch, ‘u’ is
the formal version. by choosing which one to use you make a reference
to the social circumstances
SOV-order - the word found in Dutch sub-clauses of Subject, Object, Verb
Speaker meaning - pragmatic meaning, meaning depends on context
Stem - the form of a word without any affixes
In English
the stem of the verb is often the infinitive without ‘to’:
‘to work’ 
‘work’ ‘to
help’ ‘help’
In
Dutch the stem of a verb can often be found by removing ‘-en’ from
the infinitive
‘werken’ ‘werk’ ‘helpen’ ‘help’
*Sub-clause - a clause contains at least a subject and
a predicate. a sub-clause can only co-occur with a main clause in a complex
sentence, and is therefore sometimes called a dependent clause
‘I
believe THAT SHE IS SMART’
*Subject - the person, thing or idea that carries out
the action of the verb (TYDG, 240)
‘HE walks there’, ‘JOHN
is a smart guy’
Subordinate clause [see Sub-clause]
Suffix - an affix that needs to attach to the end of a word. see affix
Surface structure - the structure of a sentence as you hear or say it. as opposed to underlying structure, the structure before words move to satisfy grammatical rules
SVO-language - a language with the word order Subject, Verb, Object, such as English
Syllable - every word consists of a sequence of syllables.
‘girl’, ‘walk’, ‘see’ all
have one syllable.
‘wallet’, ‘printer’, ‘table’ have two.
‘computer’ and ‘deliver’ have three.
etc.
Synchronic - concerned with phenomena at a particular point in time
compare: diachronic
Synonyms - words that sound different but mean the
same
‘cold’ and ‘chilly’, ‘annoyed’ and ‘irritated’, ‘content’ and ‘pleased’
Syntax - sentence structure or the branch of linguistics
which studies
sentence structure (Trask, 305)