The team found that reducing the overactivity of this gene partially reversed these defects in mice, paving the way for potential future therapies for heart conditions in people with Down syndrome.

Down syndrome affects around 1 in 800 new births and is caused by an extra third copy of chromosome 21. About half of babies born with Down syndrome have heart defects, such as a failure of the heart to separate into four chambers, leaving a ‘hole in the heart’.

If the heart defects are very serious, high-risk surgery might be needed soon after birth and people often require ongoing monitoring of the heart for the rest of their life.

Consequently, better treatment options are needed, and this must be guided by knowledge of which of the extra 230 genes on chromosome 21 are responsible for the heart defects. 

Co-author, Professor Elizabeth Fisher (UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology), said: “This project exemplifies how we can work with mouse models that replicate aspects of a disorder to better understand the genetic mechanism of the disease in humans. It has exciting possibilities for furthering our understanding of heart development in both typical human development and in people who have Down syndrome.”

The research, published in Science Translational Medicine, studied human Down syndrome foetal hearts as well as embryonic hearts from a mouse model of Down syndrome.

Watch 3D reconstructions of embryonic mouse hearts on YouTube.
 

Using genetic mapping, the researchers identified a gene on human chromosome 21 called Dyrk1a, which causes heart defects when three copies of the gene are present in the mouse model of Down syndrome.

This gene has previously been linked to cognitive impairment and facial changes in Down syndrome, but its role in heart development was unknown.

An extra copy of Dyrk1a turned down the activity of genes required for cell division in the developing heart and the function of the mitochondria, which produce energy for the cells. These changes correlated with a failure to correctly separate the chambers of the heart.

The team found that while three copies of Dyrk1a is required to cause heart defects in mice, another unknown gene is also involved. The team is currently searching for this second gene.

Dyrk1a codes for an enzyme called DYRK1A. The researchers tested a DYRK1A inhibitor on pregnant mice that model the hearts defects in Down syndrome as the pups’ hearts were forming. When DYRK1A was inhibited, the genetic changes were partially reversed and the heart defects in the pups were less severe. 

Victor Tybulewicz, Group Leader of the Immune Cell Biology Laboratory & Down Syndrome Laboratory, said: “Our research shows that inhibiting DYRK1A can partially reverse changes in mouse hearts, suggesting that this may be a useful therapeutic approach.
“However, in humans the heart forms in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, likely before a baby could be screened for Down syndrome, so this would be too early for treatment. The hope is that a DYRK1A inhibitor could have an effect on the heart later in pregnancy, or even better after birth. These are possibilities we are currently investigating.”

This research forms part of the lab’s overall goal to understand the genetics behind all aspects of Down syndrome.

Eva Lana-Elola, co-first author of the study and Principal Laboratory Research Scientist at the Crick,  said: “It was remarkable that just restoring the copy number of one gene from three to two reversed the heart defects in the mouse model for Down syndrome. We’re now aiming to understand which of the other genes on this extra chromosome are involved. Even though Dyrk1a isn’t the only gene involved, it’s clearly a major player in many different aspects of Down syndrome.”

The researchers worked with Perha Pharmaceuticals to test the DYRK1A inhibitor. The company is now testing the drug in a clinical trial for cognitive disorders associated with Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease.

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