Key messages
- Government action to shape market for clean energy technologies is key to drive the rapid change necessary to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement and boost green economies.
- Targeted policy support and investment in new technologies can shape the growth of markets and unlock the private sector investment necessary to rapidly drive down costs, support new supply chains, business models, markets and jobs.
- Dramatic cost reductions and market growth in wind and solar power and LED lighting were driven by a strategic mix of policies – governments should adopt the same approach to accelerate new low-carbon industries.
- Some of the greatest successes in the clean energy transition so far have come from policies that were not generally those recommended by conventional economic analysis – policymakers must learn lessons from the past to support better policy decisions.
- Government leaders and policy makers should consider a new economic framework to guide decisions where the aim is transformational change: considering not just costs and benefits, but opportunities and risks.
- International collaboration can create faster innovations, larger economies of scale, and stronger incentives for investment, to accelerate progress towards tipping points where clean solutions become the most affordable, accessible and attractive options worldwide.
Governments must intervene to shape markets for new clean energy technologies in order to drive the rapid change necessary to meet international climate targets, finds a report launched at COP26 today by leading international economists and policy experts, including ISR researchers Michael Grubb, Paul Drummond and Ben Hinder.
It shows how targeted policy support and investment has led to dramatic cost reductions and huge market growth in wind and solar power and LED lighting, and it calls on governments to adopt the same approach to accelerate new low-carbon industries, such as electric vehicles and steelmaking.
It says market-shaping policies can play a key role in supporting global ambitions to accelerate new clean energy technologies, encouraging international collaboration to drive rapid innovation and scale this decade - a central pillar of the COP26 conference.
The New Economics of Innovation and Transition: Evaluating Opportunities and Risks, finds that policy support and government-led investment in clean technologies shapes the growth of markets, unlocks further private sector investment, and can rapidly drive down costs. With the right policies in place, clean technology markets have grown and costs fallen much faster than most people expected.
Analysis of the growth of the wind, solar and LED industries shows that market shaping policies are at least as important as R&D in accelerating innovation. Yet these policies are often not supported by the cost benefit analysis commonly used by governments to appraise public policy. Some of the policies most critical to success were implemented despite, not because of, the predominant economic advice.
The report findings show that governments should be more aware of the potential for policy-driven innovation to drive economic growth as well as to meet the net zero commitments that now cover 75% of global GDP. It offers a new framework for government leaders and policy makers to guide decisions on how to stimulate clean energy innovation, considering not just costs and benefits, but also opportunities and risks. It also warns that while carbon pricing can be helpful in the right circumstances, it will not be enough on its own, and other policies may be more effective in bringing new clean technologies to market and driving innovation, investment and cost reduction.
Investment into clean energy sectors, including power generation, electricity grids, road transport, steelmaking and hydrogen, could support 65 million jobs and $26 trillion of benefits by 2030. The markets expected to grow most quickly and attract most investment will be those with clear, ambitious and supportive policies.
ISR Deputy Director Professor Michael Grubb:
The policies that drove major breakthroughs in low-carbon technologies like wind and solar, were challenged by traditional economic advice, which ignored the role of innovation, framing climate policy as costly. We need to learn from these successes that delivering ‘net zero’ will require more sophisticated economic understanding of innovation and transition, more widely applied.
People
Collaborators
- UK: University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, University College London, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge Econometrics, Climate Strategies,
- India: The Energy and Resources Institute, World Resources Institute,
- China: Tsinghua University, Energy Research Institute,
- Brazil: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), University of Brasilia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP),
- EU: Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento Sant’Anna.
Photo by Seema Miah on Unsplash
Two Bartlett Academics Honoured at the Architecture Book of the Year Awards
Prof Eva Branscome was the winner of the Building Monograph category, and Prof Bob Sheil and his fellow editors were commended for FABRICATE 2024.
12 Dec 2025
UCL STEaPP's Researcher and Doctoral Candidate at the APPAM 47th Annual Research Conference
Last month STEaPP's staff member Dr Remy Twiringiyimana and doctoral student Mr Kwabena Ampong participated in the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Conference.
12 Dec 2025
Prof. Özgür Yazaydın’s research featured in 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry report
We are delighted to share that research by Professor Özgür Yazaydın, from UCL Chemical Engineering, has been recognised in the Scientific Background to the 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
10 Dec 2025