Upper Limb Blocks

Upper Limb Nerve Blocks

General

K. Russon, T. Pickworth, W. Harrop-Griffiths. Upper limb blocks. Anaesthesia 2010, 65: 48-56.

Neal JM, Gerancher JC, Hebl JR, Ilfeld BM, McCartneyCJL, Franco CD and Hogan QH. Upper Extremity Regional Anesthesia: Essentials of Our Current Understanding. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2009;34: 134-170

Moayeri N, Bigeleisen PE, Groen GJ. Quantitative Architecture of the Brachial Plexus and Surrounding Compartments and Their Possible Significance for Brachial Plexus Blocks. Anesthesiology 2008;108:299-304

Franco CD, Rahman A, Voronov G, Kerns JM, Beck RJ and Buckenmaier III CC. Gross Anatomy of the Brachial Plexus Sheath in Human Cadavers. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2008; 33(1): 64-69

Cornish P B, Leaper C. The Sheath of the Brachial Plexus: Fact or Fiction? Anesthesiology 2006; 105:563-5

Xavier Demondion, Pascal Herbinet, Nathalie Boutry, Christian Fontaine, Jean-Paul Francke and Anne Cotten. Sonographic Mapping of the Normal Brachial Plexus. American Journal of Neuroradiology 24:1303-1309, August 2003

Interscalene

Winnie A. Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block. Anesth Analg 1970; 49:3; 455-466

Pippa P, Cominelli E, Marinelli C, Aito S. Brachial plexus block using the posterior approach. Eur J Anaesth 1990;7: 411-20

Aszmann O, Dellon A, Birely B, McFarland E. Innervation of the Human Shoulder Joint and Its Implications for Surgery. Clinical orthopaedics and related research. 1996; 330: 202-207

Meier G, Bauereis C, Heinrich C. [Interscalene brachial plexus catheter for anesthesia and postoperative pain therapy. Experience with a modified technique]. Der Anaesthesist 1997; 46:715-9

Borgeat Ekatodramis G. Anaesthesia for shoulder surgery. Best Practice & Research Anaesthesiology 2002; 16:2: 211-225

Borgeat A, Dullenkopf A, Ekatodramis G, Nagy L. Evaluation of the lateral modified approach for continuous interscalene block after shoulder surgery. Anesthesiology 2003; 99:436-42

Supraclavicular

Chan VWS, Perlas A, Rawson R, Odukoya. Ultrasound-Guided Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block. Anesth Analg 2003;97:1514 -7

Infraclavicular

Alain Borgeat, Georgios Ekatodramis, Charles Dumont. An Evaluation of the Infraclavicular Block via a Modified Approach of the Raj Technique Anesth Analg 2001; 93:436-441

Sandhu NS, Capan LM. Ultrasound-guided Infraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block. BJA 2002;89:254-259

Øivind Klaastad, Örjan Smedby, Trygve Kjelstrup, and Hans-Jørgen Smith. The Vertical Infraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block: A Simulation Study Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Anesth Analg 2005 101:273-278

Axillary

G Retzl, S Kapral, M Greher and W Mauritz. Ultrasonographic Findings of the Axillary Part of the Brachial Plexus. Anesth Analg 2001;92:1271-5

Chan VWS, Perlas A, McCartney CJL, Brull R, Xu D, Abbas S. Ultrasound Guidance Improves Success Rate of Axillary Brachial Plexus Block. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2007;54:176-182

J.-L. Christophe, F. Berthier, A. Boillot, L. Tatu, A. Viennet, N. Boichut and E. Samain.  Assessment of topographic brachial plexus nerves variations at the axilla using ultrasonography. British Journal of Anaesthesia 103 (4): 606-12 (2009)

Peripheral

Boles CA, Kannam S, Cardwell AB. The Forearm: Anatomy of Muscle Compartments and Nerves. AJR 2000;174:151-159