The Bridge in Chicago: The New Deal, the Liberalism of War, and the Invention of National Security

National security may seem like a timeless notion. States have always sought to fortify themselves, and the modern state derives its legitimacy from protecting its population. Yet national security in fact has a very particular, very American, history—and a surprising one at that.

The concept of national security originates in the 1930s, as part of a White House campaign in response to the rise of fascism. Before then, national self-defence was defined in terms of protecting sovereign territory from invasion. But President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his circle worried that the US public, comforted by two vast oceans, did not take seriously the long-term risks posed by hyper-militarization abroad.

New Dealers developed the doctrine of national security to supplant the old idea of self-defence: now even geographically and temporally remote threats were to be understood as harms to be combated, while ideological competitors were perilous to the “American way of life.” But it was no coincidence that a liberal like FDR promoted this vision.

National security, no less than social security, was a New Deal promise: the state was obliged to safeguard Americans as much from the guns and warships of Nazi Germany and imperial Japan as from unemployment and poverty in old age.

The resulting shift in threat perception—among policymakers and ordinary citizens alike—transformed the United States, spearheading massive government expansion and placing the country on a permanent war footing.

Chaired by Tom Furse
Lecturer (Teaching) US Politics
Director, MA US Studies, UCL Institute of the Americas
Latest publications:
"Political Theory and the CIA in the US Imperium," Intelligence and National Security, [Online, 2024]
"Fighting Smart: Living Systems Theory in the US Army's Strategic Thought,” Modern Intellectual History, [Online first, 2024]