11. The Emergence of “Hard War”, 1863-1865

Questions:
1. Why did it take Lincoln so long to find the right general?
2. How and why did Northern military strategy change after 1862?
3. How ‘modern’ was the war? Is it accurate to call it a ‘total war’?
4. How widespread was irregular warfare and what was its impact?

Michael Fellman, “Brother Killers: Guerrillas and Union Troops,” from Inside War: The Guerilla Conflict in Missouri During the American Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989)
Mark Grimsley, “The Limits of Hard War,” from The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy Towards Southern Civilians (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995)
Mark Neely, "Was the Civil War a Total War?", Civil War History 50.4 (2004): 434-458
Nelson and Sherriff, A People At War: America's Civil War, chapters: "Redefining the Rules of War" and "Facing Death"

Documents
Record of Dismissal of John J. Key
The "Lieber Code", 1863
Gen Sherman, letter to Henry Halleck on "hard war", Dec 1864