KANT

Last Updated 04/05/05

The Paper
Basic Reading
Topics

1. The Paper

The syllabus is restricted to Kant's critical philosophy, and in particular to the main doctrines of the Critique of Pure Reason, the Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, the Critique of Practical Reason, and Part I of the Critique of Judgement (the ‘Critique of Aesthetic Judgement').

The examination paper is divided into two parts, the first dealing with Kant's epistemology and metaphysics as presented in the Critique of Pure Reason, the second with Kant's ethics and aesthetics. Candidates are required to answer at least one question from each part. It follows that candidates must be familiar with the Critique of Pure Reason and either Kant's ethics or Kant's aesthetics. Questions on Kant in Ethics, Modern Philosophy and Aesthetics may be barred to candidates taking the Kant paper, if the questions are too similar to those on the Kant paper.

It is not possible to understand Kant's ethics or aesthetics fully without a knowledge of Kant's epistemology and metaphysics. It is therefore essential to master the main lines of thought of the Critique of Pure Reason. This is facilitated by a sound knowledge of the thought of Descartes, Spinoza, Locke, Leibniz, Berkeley and Hume, and it is at least advisable therefore to have completed the Modern Philosophy course before embarking on the study of Kant.

2. Basic Reading

Introductory books which cover Kant's philosophy as a whole:

Cassirer, E. 1981. Kant's Life and Thought. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Höffe, O. 1994. Immanuel Kant. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Kemp, J. 1968. The Philosophy of Kant. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Körner, S. 1955. Kant. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
* Scruton, R. 1982. Kant. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Reprinted in German Philosophers: Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Strongly recommended at the outset.

3. Topics

Kant's Epistemology and Metaphysics

Main Texts

The main text to be studied is the Critique of Pure Reason. The translation by Norman Kemp Smith, 2nd ed. (London: Macmillan, 1933), provided for many decades the standard edition in English, but two other translations, also available in paperback, have appeared very recently: one by Paul Guyer and Allen Wood (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), the other by Werner Pluhar (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1996). Both have considerably more supporting textual and scholarly apparatus than Kemp Smith, including thorough indices, but it is arguable that Kemp Smith's edition remains the most accessible.

A second text relevant to Kant's epistemology and metaphysics is his Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics, trans. L.W. Beck (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1950) or translated by Paul Carus, rev. by James W. Ellington, (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1977), a much shorter work which may be read alongside, and which throws light on, the Critique.

Commentary on the Critique of Pure Reason

* Broad, C. D. 1978. Kant: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Ewing, A. C. 1950 A Short Commentary on Kant's ‘Critique of Pure Reason' . 2 nd ed. London: Methuen, 1961.
Gardner, S. 1999. Kant and the ‘Critique of Pure Reason'. London: Routledge.
* Höffe, O. 1994. Immanuel Kant. Albany: State University of New York Press. Pt.II.
Kemp Smith, N. 1923. A Commentary to Kant's ‘Critique of Pure Reason' . 2 nd ed. New York: Humanities Press.
* Körner, S. 1955. Kant. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Chs.1-5.
Paton, H. J. 1936. Kant's Metaphysic of Experience: a Commentary on the First Half of the Kritik der reinen Vernunft. 2 Vols. London: Allen & Unwin.
* Walsh, W. H. 1975. Kant's Criticism of Metaphysics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Wilkerson, T. E. 1976. Kant's ‘Critique of Pure Reason': a Commentary for Students. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Wolff, R. P. 1963. Kant's Theory of Mental Activity: a Commentary on the Transcendental Analytic of the ‘Critique of Pure Reason'. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Advanced critical discussion of Kant's epistemology and metaphysics

* Allison, H. E. 1983. Kant's Transcendental Idealism: an Interpretation and Defense. New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press.
Bennett, J. 1966. Kant's Analytic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bennett, J. 1974. Kant's Dialectic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bird, G. 1962 Kant's Theory of Knowledge: An Outline of One Central Argument in the ‘Critique of Pure Reason'. New York: Humanities Press.
* Friedman, M. 1992. Kant and the Exact Sciences. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Kitcher, P. 1990. Kant's Transcendental Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Guyer, P. 1987. Kant and the Claims of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Henrich, D. 1990. ‘Identity and Objectivity'. Reprinted in The Unity of Reason: Essays on Kant's Philosophy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
* Strawson, P. F. 1966. The Bounds of Sense: an Essay on Kant's ‘Critique of pure reason'. London: Methuen.
Walker, R. 1978. Kant. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Collections of articles on Kant's epistemology and metaphysics
Beck, L. W. ed. 1969. Kant Studies Today. La Salle, Ill.: Open Court.
—. 1978. Essays on Kant and Hume. New Haven: Yale University Press.
* Guyer, P. ed. 1992. The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Penelhum, T., and J. J. Macintosh, eds. 1969. The First Critique: Reflections on Kant's ‘Critique of Pure Reason'. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth.
Schaper, E., and W. Vossenkuhl, eds. 1989. Reading Kant: New Perspectives on Transcendental Arguments and Critical Philosophy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Walker, R. ed. 1982. Kant on Pure Reason. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wolff, R. P. ed. 1967. Kant: a Collection of Critical Essays. New York: Anchor Books. Pt.I.
Wood, A. W. ed. 1984. Self and Nature in Kant's Philosophy. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.

Principal topics to be studied, related to specific sections of the Critique

(References to the Critique of Pure Reason [ CPR ] refer to the Akademie pagination, cited in the margin of Kemp Smith's translation. The ‘A' number refers to the First Edition and the ‘B' number to the Second; where only one reference is given, the text appears only in the one edition.)

The concept of synthetic a priori judgement

CPR, A1-16/B1-30. Passages to concentrate on: B1-6, A6-10/B10-14, B14-18.
Allison, H. E. 1983. Kant's Transcendental Idealism: an Interpretation and Defense. New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press. pp. 73-8.
Beck, L. W. 1967. ‘Can Kant's Synthetic Judgements Be Made Analytic?'. In R. P. Wolff ed., Kant: a Collection of Critical Essays. New York: Anchor Books.
Bennett, J. 1966. Kant's Analytic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §§2-4.
Robinson, R. 1969. ‘Necessary Propositions'. In T. Penelhum, and J. J. MacIntosh eds., The First Critique: Reflections on Kant's ‘Critique of Pure Reason'. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth.
Strawson, P. F. 1966. The Bounds of Sense: an Essay on Kant's ‘Critique of pure reason'. London: Methuen. pp. 42-4.

Kant's treatment of space and time in the Transcendental Aesthetic

CPR, A19-49/B33-73. Passages to concentrate on: A19-25/B33-40, B40-5.
Parsons, C. 1992. ‘The Transcendental Aesthetic'. In P. Guyer ed., The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Allison, H. E. 1983. Kant's Transcendental Idealism: an Interpretation and Defense. New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press. Chs. 1-2, 5.
Aquila, R. E. 1983. Representational Mind: A Study of Kant's Theory of Knowledge. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. Ch. 3.
Guyer, P. 1987. Kant and the Claims of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ch. 16.
Horstmann, R. P. 1976. ‘Space as Intuition and Geometry'. Ratio 18: 17-30.
Walker, R. 1978. Kant. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Chs. 3-5.
Strawson, P. F. 1966. The Bounds of Sense: an Essay on Kant's ‘Critique of pure reason'. London: Methuen. pp. 51-62, 68-71.
Greenwood, T. 1989. ‘Kant on the Modalities of Space'. In E. Schaper and W. Vossenkuhl eds., Reading Kant: New Perspectives on Transcendental Arguments and Critical Philosophy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

The metaphysical deduction of the categories

CPR, A50-95/B74-116. Passages to concentrate on: A55-7/B79-82, A67-70/B92-5, A76-80/B102-6.
Allison, H. E. 1983. Kant's Transcendental Idealism: an Interpretation and Defense. New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press. Ch. 6.
Bird, G. 1962 Kant's Theory of Knowledge: An Outline of One Central Argument in the ‘Critique of Pure Reason'. New York: Humanities Press. Ch. 7.
Guyer, P. 1987. Kant and the Claims of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 123-36.
Melnick, A. 1973 Kant's Analogies of Experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37-42.
Strawson, P. F. 1966. The Bounds of Sense: an Essay on Kant's ‘Critique of pure reason'. London: Methuen. pp. 72-89.

The Transcendental Deduction of the categories

CPR, A84-95/B116-29, A95-130, B129-69. Passages to concentrate on: A84-95/B116-29, B129-43, B165-9.
Allison, H. E. 1983. Kant's Transcendental Idealism: an Interpretation and Defense. New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press. Ch. 7.
Allison, H. E. 1996. Idealism and Freedom: Essays on Kant's Theoretical and Practical Philo sophy. New York: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 2-3.
Bennett, J. 1966. Kant's Analytic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 8-9.
Bird, G. 1962 Kant's Theory of Knowledge: An Outline of One Central Argument in the ‘Critique of Pure Reason'. New York: Humanities Press. Chs. 8-9.
Ewing, A. C. 1950 A Short Commentary on Kant's ‘Critique of Pure Reason' . 2 nd ed. London: Methuen, 1961. Ch. 3.
Guyer, P. 1992. ‘The Transcendental Deduction of the Categories'. In P. Guyer ed., The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Guyer, P. 1987. Kant and the Claims of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pt. II.
Henrich, D. 1969. ‘The Proof-Structure of Kant's Transcendental Deduction'. Review of Metaphysics 22: 640-659. Reprinted R. Walker, ed., Kant on Pure Reason. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Henrich, D. 1989. ‘The Identity of the Subject in the Transcendental Deduction'. In E. Schaper and W. Vossenkuhl eds., Reading Kant: New Perspectives on Transcendental Arguments and Critical Philosophy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Henrich, D. 1990. The Unity of Reason: Essays on Kant's Philosophy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Ch. 4.
Strawson, P. F. 1966. The Bounds of Sense: an Essay on Kant's ‘Critique of pure reason'. London: Methuen. pp. 89-117.
Wolff, R. P. 1967 ‘A Reconstruction of the Argument of the Subjective Deduction'. In R. P. Wolff ed., Kant: a Collection of Critical Essays. New York: Anchor Books.
Förster, E. ed. 1989. Kant's Transcendental Deductions: the Three Critiques and the Opus postumum. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Pt. I.

The treatment of substance and causality in the Analogies of Experience

CPR, A130-235/B169-294. Passages to concentrate on: A137-47/B176-87, A182-211/B224-56.
Allison, H. E. 1983. Kant's Transcendental Idealism: an Interpretation and Defense. New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press. Chs. 9-10.
Bennett, J. 1966. Kant's Analytic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 11, 13, 15.
Bird, G. 1962 Kant's Theory of Knowledge: An Outline of One Central Argument in the ‘Critique of Pure Reason'. New York: Humanities Press. Ch. 10.
Buchdahl, G. 1992. Kant and the Dynamics of Reason: Essays on the Structure of Kant's Philosophy. Oxford: Blackwell. Ch. 9.
Guyer, P. 1987. Kant and the Claims of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 8-11.
Melnick, A. 1973 Kant's Analogies of Experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Chs. 2-3.
Strawson, P. F. 1966. The Bounds of Sense: an Essay on Kant's ‘Critique of pure reason'. London: Methuen. pp. 118-52.
Walker, R. 1978. Kant. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 98-105.

The Refutation of Idealism

CPR, B274-9, and Preface to the Second Edition, Bxxxix-xli.
Kemp Smith, N. 1923. A Commentary to Kant's ‘Critique of Pure Reason' . 2 nd ed. New York: Humanities Press. pp. 298-321.
Allison, H. E. 1983. Kant's Transcendental Idealism: an Interpretation and Defense. New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press. Ch. 14.
Aquila, R. 1979. ‘Personal Identity and Kant's “Refutation of Idealism”'. Kant-Studien 70, 259-78.
Bennett, J. 1966. Kant's Analytic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ch. 14.
Gram, M. 1982. ‘What Kant Really Did to Idealism'. In J. N. Mohanty, and Robert W. Shahan eds., Essays on Kant's ‘Critique of Pure Reason'. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Guyer, P. 1987. Kant and the Claims of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pt. IV.
Strawson, P. F. 1966. The Bounds of Sense: an Essay on Kant's ‘Critique of pure reason'. London: Methuen. pp. 125-8.

The concepts of thing in itself and noumenon

CPR, A235-60/B294-315 and A260-92/B316-49. Passages to concentrate on: A248-53, B305-9, A254-60/B309-15, A279-80/B335-6, A285-9/B341-6.
Ameriks, K. 1982. ‘Recent Work on Kant's Theoretical Philosophy'. American Philosophical Quarterly 19: 1-24, pp. 1-11.
Allison, H. E. 1983. Kant's Transcendental Idealism: an Interpretation and Defense. New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press. Ch. 11.
Matthews, H. E. 1969. ‘Strawson on Transcendental Idealism'. Philosophical Quarterly 19: 204-220. Reprinted in R. Walker ed., Kant on Pure Reason. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Melnick, A. 1973 Kant's Analogies of Experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sect. 21.
Strawson, P. F. 1966. The Bounds of Sense: an Essay on Kant's ‘Critique of pure reason'. London: Methuen. pp. 38-42 and pt. IV.
Fichte, J. G. The Science of Knowledge: with the first and second introductions. Edited and translated by Peter Heath, John Lachs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. I, 480-91.
Schopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Representation. Translated by E. F. J. Payne. New York: Dover Publications, 1966. Vol. I, pp. 435-7, 501-7, vol. II, ch. 18.

The ideas of reason and their regulative employment in the Dialectic

CPR, A293-340/B349-98 and A642-704/B670-732. Passages to concentrate on: A293-311/B349-68, A321-40/B377-98, A642-8/B670-6, A663-82/B691-710.
Bennett, J. 1974. Kant's Dialectic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 1, 12.
Buchdahl, G. 1992. Kant and the Dynamics of Reason: Essays on the Structure of Kant's Philosophy. Oxford: Blackwell. Ch. 7.
Friedman, M. 1991. ‘Regulative and Constitutive'. Southern Journal of Philosophy 30, Supplement, 73-102.
Neiman, S. 1994. The Unity of Reason: Rereading Kant. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch. 2.
Wartenburg, T. 1992. ‘Reason and the Practice of Science'. In P. Guyer ed., The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

The treatment of the self in the Paralogisms of Pure Reason

CPR, A341-405, B399-432. Passages to concentrate on: A341-8/B399-406, A348-51, B406-32.
Allison, H. E. 1983. Kant's Transcendental Idealism: an Interpretation and Defense. New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press. pp. 278-86.
Ameriks, K. 2000. Kant's Theory of Mind: An Analysis of the Paralogisms of Pure Reason. 2 nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon. Chs. 2-6.
Bennett, J. 1974. Kant's Dialectic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 4-6.
Strawson, P. F. 1966. The Bounds of Sense: an Essay on Kant's ‘Critique of pure reason'. London: Methuen. pp. 162-9.
Powell, C. Thomas. 1990. Kant's Theory of Self-Consciousness. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

The contradictions of reason in the Antinomy of Pure Reason

CPR, A405-567/B432-595. Passages to concentrate on: A405-61/B432-89, A497-507/B525-35.
Allison, H. E. 1983. Kant's Transcendental Idealism: an Interpretation and Defense. New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press. Ch. 3.
Bennett, J. 1974. Kant's Dialectic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 7-9.
Gram, M. 1969. ‘Kant's First Antinomy'. In L. W. Beck ed., Kant Studies Today. La Salle, Ill.: Open Court.
Guyer, P. 1987. Kant and the Claims of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ch. 18.
Strawson, P. F. 1966. The Bounds of Sense: an Essay on Kant's ‘Critique of pure reason'. London: Methuen. pp. 175-206.
Walsh, W. H. 1975. Kant's Criticism of Metaphysics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. §§34-5.

The treatment of human freedom in the third antinomy

CPR, A444-51/B472-9 and A532-58/B560-86. Passages to concentrate on: A444-51/B472-9, A532-58/B560-86.
Allison, H. E. 1983. Kant's Transcendental Idealism: an Interpretation and Defense. New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press. Ch. 15.
Allison, H. E. 1990. Kant's Theory of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pt. I.
Bennett, J. 1974. Kant's Dialectic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ch. 10.
Bird, G. 1962 Kant's Theory of Knowledge: An Outline of One Central Argument in the ‘Critique of Pure Reason'. New York: Humanities Press. Ch. 12.
Körner, S. ‘Kant's Conception of Freedom'. Proceedings of the British Academy 53: 193-217.
Wood, A. 1984. ‘Kant's Compatibilism'. In Self and Nature in Kant's Philosophy. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.

The criticisms of the arguments for the existence of God in the Ideal of Pure Reason

CPR, A452-61/B480-9, A559-65/B587-93, and A567-642/B595-670. Passages to concentrate on: A452-61/B480-9, A559-65/B587-93, A590-614/B618-42, A620-30/B648-58.
Bennett, J. 1974. Kant's Dialectic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §§72-81.
Strawson, P. F. 1966. The Bounds of Sense: an Essay on Kant's ‘Critique of pure reason'. London: Methuen. pp. 207-31.
Walker, R. 1978. Kant. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Ch. 12.
Walsh, W. H. 1975. Kant's Criticism of Metaphysics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. §§37-8.
Wood, A. 1978. Kant's Rational Theology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 25-63, 100-45.

Kant's Ethics

Main texts

The main texts to be studied are the Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals and the Critique of Practical Reason. (The former is known also as Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals.) Both texts are available in a new translation in the Cambridge Edition: Practical Philosophy.

Critique of practical reason, and other Writings in Moral Philosophy. Translated and edited with an introduction by Lewis White Beck. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949.
Critique of practical reason. Translated and edited by Mary Gregor; with an introduction by Andrews Reath. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, in L. W. Beck, ed., and trans., Critique of Practical Reason, and Other Writings in Moral Philosophy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949.
The Metaphysics of Morals. Translated and edited by Mary Gregor, with an introduction by Roger J. Sullivan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

All three can also to be found in:

Practical Philosophy. Translated and edited by Mary J. Gregor, with a general introduction by Allen Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Introductions to Kant's ethics

Acton, H. B. 1970. Kant's Moral Philosophy. London: Macmillan.
* Schneewind, J. B. 1992. ‘Autonomy, Obligation, and Virtue: an Overview of Kant's Moral Philosophy'. In P. Guyer, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Sullivan, R. 1994. An Introduction to Kant's Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chapter-length discussions of Kant's ethics may be found in the books by Cassirer, Höffe, Kemp, Körner, Scruton, and Walker listed at the beginning.

Advanced critical discussion of Kant's ethics

* Allison, H. E. 1990. Kant's Theory of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Aune, B. 1979. Kant's Theory of Morals. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press.
Beck, L. W. 1960. A Commentary on Kant's ‘Critique of Practical Reason '. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Förster, E. ed. 1989. Kant's Transcendental Deductions: the Three Critiques and the Opus postumum. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Pt.II.
Guyer, P. 2000. Kant on Law, Freedom and Happiness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Henrich, D. 1992. Aesthetic Judgement and the Moral Image of the World: Studies in Kant. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Ch.1.
Hill, T. 1992. Dignity and Practical Reason in Kant's Moral Theory. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Neiman, S. 1994. The Unity of Reason: Rereading Kant. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch.3.
* Nell, O. 1975. Acting on Principle: an Essay on Kantian Ethics. New York: Columbia University Press.
* Korsgaard, C. 1996. Creating the Kingdom of Ends. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
O'Neill, O. 1989. Constructions of Reason: Explorations of Kant's Practical Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Paton, H. J. 1947. The Categorical Imperative: a Study in Kant's Moral Philosophy. London: Hutchinson.
* Sullivan, R. 1989. Immanuel Kant's Moral Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Herman, B. 1993. The Practice of Moral Judgment. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univsrsity Press.
Williams, T. C. 1968. The Concept of the Categorical Imperative: a Study of the Place of the Categorical Imperative in Kant's Ethical Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Wood, A. 1999. Kant's Ethical Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Collections of articles on Kant's ethics

Guyer, P. ed. 1998. Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: Critical Essays. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Wolff, R. P. ed. 1967. Kant: a Collection of Critical Essays. New York: Anchor Books. Pt. II
Wolff, R. P. ed. 1969. Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant. Translated by Lewis White Beck; with critical essays edited by R. P. Wolff. London: Collier Macmillan.
Wolff, R. P. ed. 1967. Kant: a Collection of Critical Essays. New York: Anchor Books. Pt.II.

Principal topics to be studied

Kant's account of moral motivation (the concepts of good will and duty)

Groundwork I.
Allison, H. E. 1990. Kant's Theory of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ch. 6.
Aune, B. 1979. Kant's Theory of Morals. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 3-12, 20-8.
Guyer, P. ed. 1998. Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: Critical Essays. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. Pt. II.
Höffe, O. 1994. Immanuel Kant. Albany: State University of New York Press. Sect. 8.1.
Korsgaard, C. 1996. Creating the Kingdom of Ends. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 2, 9.
Paton, H. J. 1947. The Categorical Imperative: a Study in Kant's Moral Philosophy. London: Hutchinson. Chs. 2-6.
Dietrichson, P. 1962. ‘What Does Kant Mean By “Acting From Duty”?'. In R. P. Wolff ed., Kant: a Collection of Critical Essays. New York: Anchor Books, 1967.

Kant's analysis of morality (the concept of the categorical imperative and derivation of its several formulas)

Groundwork I-II.
Aune, B. 1979. Kant's Theory of Morals. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 28-94, 104-11.
Allison, H. E. 1990. Kant's Theory of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 94-106.
Dietrichson, P. 1964. ‘When is a Maxim Fully Universalisable?'. Kant-Studien 55: 143-70.
Guyer, P. ed. 1998. Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: Critical Essays. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. Pt. III.
Hill, T. 1992. Dignity and Practical Reason in Kant's Moral Theory. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Chs. 2-3, 5.
Korsgaard, C. 1996. Creating the Kingdom of Ends. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 2-4.
Nell, O. 1975. Acting on Principle: an Essay on Kantian Ethics. New York: Columbia University Press. Ch. 5.
O'Neill, O. 1989. Constructions of Reason: Explorations of Kant's Practical Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 5, 7.
Paton, H. J. 1947. The Categorical Imperative: a Study in Kant's Moral Philosophy. London: Hutchinson. Chs. 14-18.
Sullivan, R. 1994. An Introduction to Kant's Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 3-5.
—. 1989. Immanuel Kant's Moral Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 11-15.
Williams, T. C. 1968. The Concept of the Categorical Imperative: a Study of the Place of the Categorical Imperative in Kant's Ethical Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Ch. 3.

Kant's deduction of the moral law and account of the relation between morality and freedom

Groundwork III, and Critique of Practical Reason, Of the deduction of the principles of pure practical reason.
Allison, H. E. 1990. Kant's Theory of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 12-13.
—. 1989. ‘Justification and Freedom in the Critique of Practical Reason '. In E. Förster, ed., Kant's Transcendental Deductions: the Three Critiques and the Opus postumum. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
Beck, L. W. 1960. A Commentary on Kant's ‘Critique of Practical Reason '. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Ch. 10.
Guyer, P. ed. 1998. Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: Critical Essays. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. Pt. IV.
Henrich, D. 1990. The Unity of Reason: Essays on Kant's Philosophy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Ch. 2.
Herman, B. 1989. ‘Justification and Objectivity: Comments on Rawls and Allison'. In E. Förster, ed., Kant's Transcendental Deductions: the Three Critiques and the Opus postumum. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
Hill, T. 1992. Dignity and Practical Reason in Kant's Moral Theory. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Ch. 6.
Höffe, O. 1994. Immanuel Kant. Albany: State University of New York Press. Sect. 8.4.
Korsgaard, C. 1996. Creating the Kingdom of Ends. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ch. 6.
Neiman, S. 1994. The Unity of Reason: Rereading Kant. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch. 3.
O'Neill, O. 1989. Constructions of Reason: Explorations of Kant's Practical Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 1, 3.
Paton, H. J. 1947. The Categorical Imperative: a Study in Kant's Moral Philosophy. London: Hutchinson. Chs. 21-4.
Sullivan, R. 1994. An Introduction to Kant's Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ch. 10.
—. 1989. Immanuel Kant's Moral Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ch. 7.

The postulates of practical reason

Critique of Practical Reason, Dialectic.
Beck, L. W. 1960. A Commentary on Kant's ‘Critique of Practical Reason '. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Chs. 13-14.
Buchdahl, G. 1992. Kant and the Dynamics of Reason: Essays on the Structure of Kant's Philosophy. Oxford: Blackwell. Ch. 15.
Neiman, S. 1994. The Unity of Reason: Rereading Kant. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch. 4.
Sullivan, R. 1989. Immanuel Kant's Moral Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 139-44, 218-26.
Wood, A. 1992. ‘Rational Faith, Moral Theology, and Religion'. In P. Guyer ed., The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
—. 1970. Kant's Moral Religion. Ithaca N.Y.: Cornell University Press.

Kant's Aesthetics

Main text

‘Critique of Aesthetic Judgement', Part I of the Critique of Judgement.

Introductions to Kant's aesthetics

* Schaper, E. 1992. ‘Taste, Sublimity, and Genius: the Aesthetics of Nature and Art'. In P. Guyer, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Kemal, S. 1997. Kant's Aesthetic Theory: An Introduction. 2 nd ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Chapter-length discussions of Kant's aesthetics may be found in the books by Höffe, Körner, Scruton, and Walker listed at the beginning.

Advanced critical discussion of Kant's aesthetics

Cohen, T., and P. Guyer, eds. 1982. Essays in Kant's Aesthetics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* Crawford, D. W. 1974. Kant's Aesthetic Theory. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
Crowther, P. 1989. Kant's Sublime: from Morality to Art. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
* Elliott, R. K. 1968. ‘The unity of Kant's Critique of Judgement '. British Journal of Aesthetics 8: 244-259.
Guyer, P. 1997. Kant and the Claims of Taste. 2 nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
—. 1993. Kant and the Experience of Freedom: Essays on Aesthetics and Morality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Henrich, D. 1992. Aesthetic Judgement and the Moral Image of the World: Studies in Kant. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Ch.2.
Kemal, S. 1986. Kant and Fine Art: an Essay on Kant and the Philsophy of Fine Art and Culture. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
McCloskey, M. 1987. Kant's Aesthetic. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Mothersill, M. 1984. Beauty Restored. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Chs.6 and 8.
* Savile, A. 1987. Aesthetic Reconstructions: the Seminal Writings of Lessing, Kant and Schiller. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Chs.4-6.
Savile, A. 1993. Kantian Aesthetics Pursued. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Schaper, E. 1979. Studies in Kant's Aesthetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Wolff, R. P. ed. 1967. Kant: a Collection of Critical Essays. New York: Anchor Books. Pt.III.

Principal topics to be studied

Kant's analysis of the judgements of taste in the Analytic of the Beautiful and associated theory of imagination and understanding

Critique of Judgement, pt. I, Analytic of the Beautiful, §§1-22.
Budd, M. 1998. ‘Delight in the natural world: Kant on the aesthetic appreciation of nature' (Parts I-III). British Journal of Aesthetics 38: 1-18, 117-26, 233-50.
Crawford, D. W. 1974. Kant's Aesthetic Theory. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. Ch. 2, sects. 5.1, 6.1.
Guyer, P. 1997. Kant and the Claims of Taste. 2 nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 3-6.
—. 1982. ‘Pleasure and Society in Kant's Theory of Taste'. In T. Cohen and P. Guyer eds., Essays in Kant's Aesthetics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Henrich, D. 1992. Aesthetic Judgement and the Moral Image of the World: Studies in Kant. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Ch. 2.
Kemal, S. 1997. Kant's Aesthetic Theory: An Introduction. 2 nd ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Chs. 2-4.
McCloskey, M. 1987. Kant's Aesthetic. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Chs. 4-8.
Savile, A. 1987. Aesthetic Reconstructions: the Seminal Writings of Lessing, Kant and Schiller. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Ch. 4.
——. 1993. Kantian Aesthetics Pursued. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Chs. 1-2.
Schaper, E. 1979. Studies in Kant's Aesthetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Ch. 3.
Zimmerman, R. 1967. ‘Kant: The Aesthetic Judgement'. In R. P. Wolff ed., Kant: a Collection of Critical Essays. New York: Anchor Books.

Kant's analysis of judgement of taste and solution to the Antinomy of Taste

Critique of Judgement, pt. I, Deduction of Pure Aesthetic Judgements, §§30-42, and Dialectic of Aesthetic Judgement, §§55-60.
Crawford, D. W. 1974. Kant's Aesthetic Theory. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. Passim.
Elliott, R. 1968. ‘The Unity of Kant's Critique of Judgement '. British Journal of Aesthetics 8: 244-59.
Guyer, P. 1997. Kant and the Claims of Taste. 2 nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chs. 7-11.
Kemal, S. 1997. Kant's Aesthetic Theory: An Introduction. 2 nd ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Chs. 5-6.
—. 1986. Kant and Fine Art: an Essay on Kant and the Philsophy of Fine Art and Culture. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Chs. 1, 5-6.
McCloskey, M. 1987. Kant's Aesthetic. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Ch. 9.
Savile, A. 1987. Aesthetic Reconstructions: the Seminal Writings of Lessing, Kant and Schiller. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Chs. 5-6.
—. 1993. Kantian Aesthetics Pursued. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Ch. 3.

Kant's theory of art (the concept of genius and aesthetic ideas)

Critique of Judgement, pt. I, Deduction of Pure Aesthetic Judgements, §§43-54.
Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Truth and Method. Translated by William Glen-Doepel. 2 nd ed. London: Sheed and Ward, 1989. pp. 42-60.
Gotshalk, D. 1967. ‘Form and Expression in Kant's Aesthetics'. British Journal of Aesthetics 7: 250-60.
Kemal, S. 1986. Kant and Fine Art: an Essay on Kant and the Philsophy of Fine Art and Culture. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Pt. I.
McCloskey, M. 1987. Kant's Aesthetic. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Chs. 11-14.
Savile, A. 1993. Kantian Aesthetics Pursued. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Chs. 5-6.
Schaper, E. 1979. Studies in Kant's Aesthetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Ch. 4.
Cohen, T., and P. Guyer, eds. 1982. Essays in Kant's Aesthetics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pt. II.