A slow, loving, 'affective' touch may be key to a healthy sense of self

These findings come from a study led by Dr. Aikaterini (Katerina) Fotopoulou (UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience) and Dr. Paul Mark Jenkinson (University of Hertfordshire).

The study, of 52 healthy adults, used a common experimental technique known as the 'rubber hand illusion', in which participants' brains are tricked into believing that a strategically placed rubber hand is their own.

As they watch the rubber hand being stroked in synchrony with their own, they begin to think that the fake hand belongs to them. This technique demonstrates the changeable nature of the brain's perception of the body.

Affective touch, characterised by slow speed tactile stimulation of the skin (between 1 and 10cm per second) has been previously correlated with pleasant emotion and has also been seen to improve symptoms of anxiety and other emotional symptoms in certain groups of adults and infants. Dr. Fotopoulou's team wanted to test whether affective touch would affect the brain's understanding of the body and body ownership.

The team adapted the rubber hand technique to incorporate four different types of touch. These included a synchronised and asynchronised, slow, affective touch and a faster neutral touch, again in synchronous and asynchronous patterns. Participants were also asked to complete a standardised 'embodiment' questionnaire, to measure their subjective experience during the experiment.

The results confirmed previous findings that slow, light touch is perceived as being more pleasant than fast touch.

More importantly, the study demonstrated that slow tactile stimulation made participants more likely to believe that the rubber hand was their own, compared with the faster neutral touch.

The perception of affective touch in the brain is one of a number of interoceptive signals that help us monitor homeostasis. This study provides new evidence to support the existing idea that interoceptive signals, such as affective touch, play an important role in how the brain learns to construct a mental picture and an understanding of the body, which ultimately helps to create a coherent sense of self.

Decreased sensitivity to and awareness of interoceptive signals, such as affective touch, have been linked to body image problems, unexplained pain, anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

"As affective touch is typically received from a loved one, these findings further highlight how close relationships involve behaviours that may play a crucial role in the construction of a sense of self," said Laura Crucianelli (UCL Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology), the researcher who carried out the study.

"The next step for our team," concluded Dr. Katerina Fotopoulou, "is to examine whether being deprived of social signals, such as affective touch from a parent during early development, may also lead to abnormalities in the formation of a healthy body image and a healthy sense of self, for example in patients with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa."

Boosting interoceptive awareness and an individual's sense of body ownership could be key to developing future treatments for some of these conditions, and the sensation of 'affective touch' could play an important role.

The study was funded by the Neuropsychoanalysis Society and published in the journal Frontiers in Psychology.

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Media contact: David Weston

Links:
Full paper in Frontiers in Psychology
UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience
The Neuropsychoanalysis Society