Cardinal NumeralA subclass of numerals which
includes one, 1, twenty, a hundred. CaseIIn English, case is illustrated
by the PERSONAL PRONOUNS, where different forms of the pronoun indicate
their grammatical relationship to the VERB. For example: (1) He is
a plumber, He has SUBJECTIVE case. (2) I saw him, him
has OBJECTIVE case. Central AdjectiveA central adjective is one
that fulfils all the criteria for identifying adjectives. These criteria
are: being GRADABLE, having COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE forms, and appearing
in ATTRIBUTIVE or PREDICATIVE positions. Central DeterminerA subclass of DETERMINER which
includes DEFINITE and INDEFINITE ARTICLES as well as POSSESSIVE and DEMONSTRATIVE
pronouns. Central determiners occur after PREDETERMINERS and before POSTDETERMINERS.
Circumstantial AdverbA collective term for MANNER,
TIME, and PLACE ADVERBS. Clause A clause is a string of words
which expresses a proposition and typically consists of at least a SUBJECT
and a verb: David sings, Yesterday we visited Canterbury.
A SENTENCE contains one or more clauses. The sentence She retired early
because she was ill contains two clauses, a MATRIX clause, consisting
of the whole sentence, and a SUBORDINATE clause, because she was ill.
Cleft itA special use of the PERSONAL
PRONOUN it which appears in CLEFT sentences: It was John
who broke the window. Cleft SentenceA sentence which is split into
two clauses, placing emphasis on one part (the "focus"): It is her
kindness that I will remember. Here, the focus is her kindness. Closed-Class ItemWord classes are of two types:
OPEN-CLASS and closed-class. Closed-class items include AUXILIARIES, PREPOSITIONS,
CONJUNCTIONS, DETERMINERS and PRONOUNS. These classes consist of finite
sets of words which can be exhaustively listed, and they do not admit
new members. CodeOne of the NICE PROPERTIES
of AUXILIARY VERBS. The DO AUXILIARY can replace the verb under
ELLIPSIS. John wants to go to the cinema, and so does
Mary. Collective NounA noun which refers to a group of individual people or animals: population, herd, flock, committee. Common NounA noun which refers to common,
everyday entities such as: cat, dog, sister, bucket,
book. ComparativeThe form of an adjective or an adverb at the middle point on a scale of comparison. Comparison is expressed using an -er ending or with more:
Comparative ClauseA type of subordinate clause which expresses comparison, and which is introduced by than or as:
ComplementA constituent of a phrase which is required to complete the meaning of the Head. In a review of the book, of the book is the Complement of the Head review. Similarly, in detectives examined the scene, the scene is the Complement of the Head examined.
Complex PrepositionA two- or three-word preposition:
along with, because of, due to. Complex SentenceA complex sentence contains
a main clause and at least one subordinate clause. For example, Your
dinner is cold because you were late. The subordinate clause is because
you were late.
Compound SentenceA compound sentence contains
coordinated main clauses:
Concessive ClauseA type of subordinate clause
which expresses concession, usually introduced by although or though:
He bought me a lovely
gift, although he can't really afford it. ConcordAnother term for AGREEMENT.
Conditional ClauseA type of subordinate clause
which expresses a condition, typically introduced by if : I'll
be home early if I can get a taxi.
ConjoinAn element which undergoes COORDINATION. In the following examples, the conjoins are bracketed:
Conjunct AdverbConjunct adverbs connect two sentences and indicate a logical relationship between them:
Other conjunct adverbs include:
nevertheless, nonetheless, otherwise, in addition,
on the other hand Conjunction A CLOSED wordclass which includes
COORDINATING words such as and, but, and or, and SUBORDINATING
words such as because, if, and when. ConstituentA constituent is a word or
a group of words which acts syntactically as a unit. Constituents may
be words, phrases, or clauses. Content WordAnother term for OPEN-CLASS
words or LEXICAL words. Coordinating ConjunctionA type of CONJUNCTION which
connects elements of equal status. The most common coordinating conjunctions
are and and but. Also known as a COORDINATOR. CoordinationCoordination involves the syntactic linking of two or more elements of equal status:
Coordinator Another term for COORDINATING
CONJUNCTION.
Copular VerbCopular (or linking) verbs link the Subject to the element that follows the them. This element says more about the Subject:
The most common copular verb is be.
Count NounA type of COMMON noun which
is countable. Count nouns can be SINGULAR (dog) or PLURAL (dogs).
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