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HEBR1002 - A Survey of Jewish History and Culture in the 1st Millennium CE

Course code:	HEBR1002
Tutor:	Dr Wilem Smelik
Mode of assessment:	Two essays between 1,500 and 2,000 words in length
Taught:	Term 1 (5 weeks only)
Classes:	Wednesdays, 1100-1300 in Room 331, Foster Court Fridays, 0900-1100 in Room 331, Foster Court

Course Description

The development of Rabbinic literature in Palestine and Babylon; the Babylonian academies, to the end of the first millenium.

Topics: The First and Second Revolt against the Romans; the development of rabbinic literature in Palestine and Babylon; the use of archaeological evidence under Roman rule in the Byzantine period; the Babylonian academies; the Karaites; Judeo-Arabic literature; the Cairo Genizah. 20 lectures during the second 5 weeks of the first term.

Student workload: Readings, essays; Means of assessment: 3 essays

Short description: In the aftermath of the destruction of the Second Temple, Rabbinic Judaism emerged and the variety of Second Temple Judaism largely receded. Several important classes and groups in society either disappeared or were absorbed in the Rabbinic movement. Its roots in the Second Temple area and its historical development in the Talmudic age will be explored, introducing the main literary works produced in the heighdays of Rabbinic Judaism (200--700 ce): Mishnah, Midrash and Talmud. The historical background and archaeological remains will set the sources discussed in this course in relief. With the rise of Islam the ideological and sociological contexts of Judaism changed. The Geonic leaders of the Babylonian academies set their seal on a Judaism, based on the Talmud, which was to be transmitted to North Africa and Europe in later periods. The rise of new literary genres and the emergence of the Karaite sect will be discussed against the background of the internal organisation of the Jewish communities. The course will conclude with the interaction between Islamic culture and one of the most prominent Jewish philosophers in history, Moses ben Maimon, or Maimonides.

Requirements: No knowledge of Hebrew and Aramaic will be required to complete this course successfully. All relevant sources will be discussed in their English translation. Regular attendance of the four lectures and one tutorial weekly is required.

Assessment is entirely by course work in the form of two essays, amounting to somewhere between 1,500 and 2,000 words. The deadlines are essential; for work submitted late points will be detracted.

Aims & Objectives

Objectives

• Exploring and surveying key moments and historical and sociological developments in Palestine and Babylonia up to the end of the first millennium ce;
• Distinguishing and discussing modern approaches of Jewish history and culture from a methodological point of view;
• Achieving a general understanding of the diversity and structure of Rabbinic literature;
• Achieving an understanding of how Rabbinic literature evolved and influenced Judaism;
• Appreciating the value of archaeology to the modern study of ancient Jewish history;
• Learning how to write an essay in terms of structure, references, and presentation;
• Learning how to abide by deadlines.

Bibliography

Secondary sources:

Handbooks and Introductions

• Encyclopaedia Judaica, I-XVI (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 1972;
• CD-ROM edition, Jerusalem: Judaica Multimedia, 1997).
• S.J.D. Cohen, From the Maccabeesto the Mishnah (Library of Early Christianity, 7; Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1987).
• A.R.C. Leaney, The Jewish and Christian World 200 bc to ad 200 (Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1984). Basic introduction.
• R. Seltzer, Jewish People, Jewish Thought: The Jewish Experience in History (New York: Macillan Publishing Co.; London: Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1980), pp. 195-348. Accessible history of ideas.
• H. Strack and G. Stemberger, Introduction to the Talmud and the Midrash (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992).
• G. Vermes, F. Millar and M. Goodman (eds.), E.M. Schürer: The History of the Jewish people in the Age of Jesus Christ (174 bc--ad 135), I--III (Edinburgh: T. &
• T. Clark, 1973-87). Pre-eminent standard work for the last part of the Second Temple period.

Histories

• G. Alon, The Jews in Their Land in the Talmudic Era, I-II (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989).
• S.W. Baron, A Social and Religious History of the Jewish People, I--XVIII (New York: Columbia University Press; Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1937--52), II--III.
• H.H. Ben-Sasson (ed.), A History of the Jewish People (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976).
• P. Brown, The World of Late Antiquity: From Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad (London: Thames and Hudson , 1971).
• M. Goodman, Rome & Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations (London: Penguin, 2007).
• L.I. Levine (ed.), The Galilee in Late Antiquity (New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1992).
• S. Safrai and M. Stern (eds.), The Jewish People in the First Century.
• Historical Geography, Political History, Social, Cultural and Religious Life and Institutions (CRINT, I/2; Assen: Van Gorcum; Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1976).
• P. Schäfer, The History of the Jews in Antiquity. The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest (Cambridge (MA): Harvard Academic Publishers, 1995).
• E.M. Smallwood, The Jews Under Roman Rule (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1981).

Primary Sources

• W.G. Braude and I.J. Kapstein, Pesikta de-Rab Kahana (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975).
• T. Carmi, The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse (New York: Penguin Books, 1981).
• K. Cathcart, M. Maher and M. McNamara (eds.), The Aramaic Bible, I--XVII (Wilmington: Michael Glazier; Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1987-- ).
• J.H. Charlesworth (ed.), The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments, I--II (London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1983).
• H. Danby, The Mishnah (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1933).
• I. Epstein (ed.), The Babylonian Talmud, I-XXXIV (London: Soncino, 1952).
• H. Freedman and M. Simon, Midrash Rabbah, I--X (3th edn, London: Soncino Press, 1983.
• L. Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, I--VII (Philadelphia, 1947).
• J. Goldin, The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan (Yale University Press, 1983).
• P. Grelot, What Are the Targums? Selected Texts (Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 1992).
• R. Hammer, Sifre on Deuteronomy (Yale University Press, 1986).
• H. Jacobson, A Commentary on Pseudo-Philo's Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum with Latin text and English Translation (AGJU, 31; Leiden: E.J. Brill 1996).
• J.Z. Lauterbach, Mekilta de-Rabbi Ishmael, I--III (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1933--35)
• J. Neusner (ed.), The Talmud of the Land of Israel, I--XXXV (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982--91). A not entirely satisfactory translation, but the only one to date.
• J. Neusner (ed.), The Tosefta (6 vols.; Hoboken, New Jersey: Ktav, 1977--86).
• L.H. Schiffman and M.D. Swartz, Hebrew and Aramaic Incantation Texts from the Cairo Genizah: Selected Texts from Taylor--Schechter Box K1 (Semitic Texts and Studies, 1; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1992).
• S. Singer (ed.), The Authorised Daily Prayer Book (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1962).

Liturgy

• I. Elbogen, Der jüdische Gottesdienst in seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung (2nd edn, Frankfurt: J. Kauffmann,1931).
• J. Heinemann and J.J. Petuchowsky, Literature of the Synagogue (New York: Behrman House, 1975).
• J. Heinemann, Prayer in the Talmud (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1977).
• L. Hoffman, The Canonization of the Synagogue Service (South Bend: Notre Dame University Press, 1979).
• A.Z. Idelsohn, Jewish Liturgy and Its Development (New York: Schocken, 1932).
• J. Petuchowsky, 'The Liturgy of the Synagogue: History, Structure, Contents', in W.S. Green (ed.), Approaches to Ancient Judaism (Brown Judaic Studies; Chico: Scholars Press, 1983), vol. 4, pp. 1-64. % (CHECK).
• S.C. Reif, 'The Early Liturgy of the Synagogue', in The Cambridge History of Judaism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
• S. Safrai, 'The Synagogue and Its Worship', in M. Avi-Yonah and Z. Baras (eds.), Society and Religion in the Second Temple Period (The World History of the Jewish people, 1/8; Jerusalem: Massada Publishing, 1977), pp. 65-98.
• R.S. Sarason, 'On the Use of Method in the Modern Study of Jewish Liturgy', in W.S. Green (ed.), Approaches to Ancient Judaism: Theory and Practice (Missoula: Scholars Press, 1978), pp. 97-172 (reprinted in J. Neusner [ed.], Origins of Judaism. XII. The Literature of Formative Judaism: The Targumim and Other Jewish Writings in Late Antiquity [New York: Garland Publishing, 1990], pp. 117-92).
• L. Zunz, Die gottesdienstlichen Vorträge der Juden historisch entwickelt (2nd edn, Frankfurt: J. Kaufmann, 1892).

Rabbinics

• A. Goldberg, 'Formen und Funktionen von Schriftauslegung in der frührabbinischen Literatur', Linguistica Biblica Bonn 64 (1990), pp. 5-22; idem, 'Form-Analysis of Midrashic Literature as a Method of Description', Journal of Jewish Studies 36 (1985), pp. 159-74.
• B.W. Holtz (ed.), Back to the Sources: Reading the Classic Jewish Texts (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984).
• L.I. Levine, The Rabbinic Class of Roman Palestine in Late Antiquity (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi; New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1989).
• G.F. Moore, Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era, I--III (Harvard University Press, 1927--30).
• S. Safrai (ed.), The Literature of the Sages (CRINT, 2/3; Assen: Van Gorcum; Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1987).
• M. Fish, Rational Rabbis: Science and Talmudic Culture (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997).
• E. Schürer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (174 bc -- ad 135), I-III (rev. ed. by G. Vermes, F. Millar and M. Goodman; Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1973--87).
• E.E. Urbach, The Sages: Their Concepts and Beliefs (Jerusalem: Magness Press, 1975).
• D. Weiss Halivni, Midrash, Mishnah and Gemara: The Jewish Predilection for Justified Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986).

Art and Archaeology

• M. Aviam, ‘First Century Jewish Galilee: An Archaeological Perspective’, in D.R. Edwards (ed.), Religion and Society in Roman Palestine: Old Questions, New Approaches (London: Routledge, 2004), pp. 7-27.
• E.R. Goodenough, Jewish Symbols in the Greco--Roman Period, I-XIII (Princeton: Princeton University Press for the Bollingen Foundation, 1953–1968).
• R. Hachlili, Ancient Jewish Art and Archeology in the Land of Israel (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1988).
• L.I. Levine (ed.), Ancient Synagogues Revealed (Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society, 1981).
• L.I. Levine, The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000).
• M. Smith, 'Goodenough's Jewish Symbols in Retrospect', Journal of Biblical Literature 86 (1967), pp. 53-68.
• D. Urman and P.V.M. Flesher (eds.), Ancient Synagogues: Historical Analysis and Archaeological Discovery, I-II (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995).

Hellenism

• M. Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism (2 vols.; Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1974).
• M. Hengel, Jews, Greeks, and Barbarians (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1980).
• V. Tcherikover, Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1966).
• E. Bickerman, The God of the Maccabees (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1979).

Society

• M. Avi-Yonah and Z. Baras, Society and Religion in the Second Temple Period (The World History of the Jewish people, 1/8; Jerusalem: Massada Publishing, 1977).
• S.A. Cohen, The Three Crowns: Structures of Communal Politics in Early Rabbinic Jewry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
• M. Goodman, State and Society in Roman Galilee A.D. 132-212 (London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2000).

From the Rise of Islam to the End of the First Millenium ce

Secondary Sources:

• Handbooks and Introduction
• Encyclopedia of Islam (2nd ed.; Leiden: E.J. Brill; London: Luzac & Co., 1960--?).
• Encyclopaedia Judaica, I-XVI (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 1972; CD-ROM edition, Jerusalem: Judaica Multimedia, 1997).
• R. Seltzer, Jewish People, Jewish Thought: The Jewish Experience in History (New York: Macillan Publishing Co.; London: Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1980), pp. 195-348.
• G. Stemberger, Das klassische Judentum: Kultur und Geschichte der rabbinischen Zeit (70 n.Chr. bis 1040 n.Chr.) (München: C.H. Beck, 1979).

Histories

• S.W. Baron, A Social and Religious History of the Jewish People, II--III (18 vols.; Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1952--1957).
• H.H. Ben-Sasson (ed.), A History of the Jewish People (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976).
• M. Gil, A History of Palestine, 634--1099 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
• J. Prawer, The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988).
• N.A. Stillman, The Jews of Arab lands: A History and Source Book (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1979).

Religion

• R. Brody, The Geonim of Babylonia and the Shaping of Medieval Jewish Culture (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).
• P.J. Haas, Responsa: Literary History of a Rabbinic Genre (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1996).
• L. Jacobs, Theology in the Responsa (London and Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975).
• P. Schäfer, The Hidden and Manifest God: Some Major Themes in Early Jewish Mysticism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992).

Karaites

• Z. Ankori, Karaites in Byzantium: The Formative Years, 970-1100 (New York: Columbia, 1959).
• H. Ben-Shammai, 'The attitude of Some Early Karaites towards Islam', in I. Twersky (ed.), Studies in Medieval Jewish History and Literature, II (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 3-40.
• P. Birnbaum, Karaite Studies (New York: Hermon, 1969).
• M. Gil, A History of Palestine, 634--1099 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 777-819.
• J. Olszowy-Schlanger, 'Karaite Linguistics: The ''Renaissance'' of the Hebrew Language among Early Karaite Jews, and Contemporary Linguistic Theories', Beiträge zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft 7 (1997), pp. 81-100.

Culture and Society

• M.R. Cohen, Under Crescent and Cross (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
• S.D. Goitein, The Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Genizah, I--VI (Berkeley: University of California Press; London: Cambridge University Press, 1967--1993).
• S.D. Goitein, Jews and Arabs: Their Contacts Through the Ages (New York: Schocken books, 1955; repr. 1974).
• S. Halkin, 'Judeo-Arabic Literature', in L. Finkelstein (ed.), The Jews: Their Religion and Culture (4th edn, New York: Schocken Books, 1971, pp. 121-54.
• B. Lewis, The Jews of Islam (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984).
• C. Sirat, A History of Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
• I. Twersky, Introduction to the Code of Maimonides (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980).

Primary Sources

• P.S. Alexander, Textual Sources for the Study of Judaism (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984).
• T. Carmi, The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse (New York: Penguin Books, 1981).
• I. Davidson, S. Assaf and B.I. Joel, Siddur R. Saadya Gaon (Jerusalem: Mekize Nirdamim, 1941).
• G. Friedlander, Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer (New York: Hermon Press, 1970), Introduction, § 7, pp. liii-lv; pp. 215-22.
• L. Ginzberg, Geonica, I--II (New York: CHECK, 1909; repr. 1968).
• S.D. Goitein, Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1973).
• D. Goldsmidt, Seder Rav Amran Gaon (Jerusalem: Mosad ha-Rav, 1971) [Note: error in UCL's catalogue: author's name spelled as Goldshmid].
• P. Kahle, The Cairo Geniza (2nd edn, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959).
• M.L. Klein, Genizah Manuscripts of Palestinian Targum to the Pentateuch, I--II (Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1986), Introduction.
• M.L. Klein, 'A Fragment-Targum of Onqelos from the Cairo Genizah', Z. Zevit, S. Gitin, M. Sokoloff (eds.), Solving Riddles and Untying Knots: Biblical, Epigraphical, and Semitic Studies in Honor of Jonas C. Greenfield (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1995), pp. 101-105.
• B. Lewis, Islam. I. Politics and War. II. Religion and Society (New York: Harper & Row, 1974; London: Macmillan, 1976).
• M. Mansoor, Bahya ibn Paquda: The Book of Direction to the Duties of the Heart (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973).
• J.R. Marcus, The Jews in the Medieval World: A Source Book (315-1791) (reprint; New York: Atheneum, 1970).
• L. Nemoy, Karaite Anthology: Excerpts from the Early Literature. Translated from Arabic, Aramaic, and Hebrew sources, with Notes (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952).
• J. Newman, Halachic Sources: From the Beginnings to the Ninth Century (Pretoria Oriental Series, 8; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1969), pp. 173-242.
• F.E. Peters, Judaism, Christianity and Islam: The Classical Texts and Their Interpretation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
• S. Pines, Moses Maimonides: The Guide of the Perplexed, I--II (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963).
• N.D. Rabinovits, Igeret R. Sherira Gaon (Jerusalem, 1988) (Hebrew).
• S. Rosenblatt, R. Saadya Gaon: The Book of Beliefs and Opinions (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955).
• N.A. Stillman, The Jews of Arab lands: A History and Source Book (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1979).

Essay Titles

Essays must conform to the Departmental Style Sheet!

In the departmental library in the Office, a binder with articles is available for copy purposes. Do not remove the articles! If a reference ends with the indication “(B)”, the article or chapter is included in the binder.

First essay: due Friday, 2 December!

Were the Zealots responsible for the outbreak of the First Revolt? Discuss the causes of the First Revolt against the Romans with particular attention to the value of all available source materials, including the works of Flavius Josephus.

Second essay: due Monday, 9 January!

Choose one of the following topics:

1. Discuss the contribution of archaeology to our understanding of Jewish art, society and religion during the first millennium CE.
2. Discuss the Roman legislation concerning the Jews in the Byzantine Period.

Essay One

Essay One: Were the Zealots responsible for the outbreak of the First Revolt? Discuss the causes of the First Revolt against the Romans with particular attention to the value of all available source materials, including the works of Flavius Josephus.

• G. Alon, The Jews in Their Land in the Talmudic Era, I-II (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), pp. 41-118.
• H.W. Attridge, 'Josephus and His Works', in M.E. Stone, Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1984), pp. 185-232. (B)
• J.R. Bartlett, 'Josephus', in Idem, Jews in the Hellenistic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 72-92.
• H.H. Ben-Sasson (ed.), A History of the Jewish People (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), pp. 296-303, 307-330.
• S. Freyne, 'The Revolt from a Regional Perspective', in A.M. Berlin and J.A. Overman (eds.), The First Revolt: Archaeology, History, and Ideology (London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 43-56. (B)
• I. Gafni, 'The Historical background', in S. Safrai (ed.), The Literature of the Sages (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1987), pp. 1-34. (B)
• M. Goodman, 'A Note on the Qumran Sectarians, the Essenes and Josephus', Journal of Jewish Studies 46 (1995), pp. 161-67.
• M. Goodman, 'Current Scholarship on the First Revolt', in A.M. Berlin and J.A. Overman (eds.), The First Revolt: Archaeology, History, and Ideology (London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 15-24. (B)
• M. Goodman, Rome & Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations (London: Penguin, 2008). Highly recommended, but 656 pages long!
• J.J. Price, Jerusalem Under Siege: The Collapse of the Jewish State 66-70 CE (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1992), pp. 180-204 (on historical sources).
• T. Rajak, 'Flavian Patronage and Jewish Patriotism', in Rajak, Josephus: The Historian and His Society (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984), pp. 185-222.
• S. Safrai and M. Stern (eds.), The Jewish People in the First Century. Historical Geography, Political History, Social, Cultural and Religious Life and Institutions (CRINT, I/2; Assen: Van Gorcum; Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1976).
• P. Schäfer, The History of the Jews in Antiquity. The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Academic Publishers, 1995).
• E.M. Smallwood, The Jews Under Roman Rule (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1981).
• M. Smith, 'Messiahs: Robbers, Jurists, Prophets', in Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 44 (1977), pp. 185-95 (reprinted in Idem, Studies in the Cult of Y.hw.h. II. New Testament, Early Christianity, and Magic [Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996], pp. 39-46).
• M. Stern, 'Sicarii and Zealots', in M. Avi-Yonah and Z. Baras (eds), Society and Religion in the Second Temple Period (Jerusalem: Massada Publishing, 1977), pp. 263-301.
• G. Vermes, F. Millar and M. Goodman (eds.), E.M. Schürer: The History of the Jewish people in the Age of Jesus Christ (174 bc--ad 135), I--III (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1973-87)., pp. 484-557.
• Encyclopaedia Judaica.

Essay Two

Essay Two.1: Discuss the contribution of archaeology to our understanding of Jewish art, society and religion during the first millennium CE.

• Encyclopaedia Judaica, I-XVI (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 1972), 'Bet Alfa'; 'Marianos'.
• M. Aviam, ‘First Century Jewish Galilee: An Archaeological Perspective’, in D.R. Edwards (ed.), Religion and Society in Roman Palestine: Old Questions, New Approaches (London: Routledge, 2004), pp. 7-27.
• C. Barber, ‘The Truth in Painting: Iconoclasm and Identity in Early-Medieval Art’, Speculum 72 (1997), pp. 1019–1036.
• A. Berlin, ‘Romanization and Anti-Romanization in Pre-Revolt Galilee’ in Idem and J. Overman (eds.),
• The First Jewish Revolt: Archaeology, History, and Ideology (Routledge, 2002). – chapter 4, pp. 57–73
• Y. Z. Eliav, ‘The Roman Bath as a Jewish Institution: Another Look at the Encounter between Judaism and the Greco-Roman Culture’, Journal for the Study of Judaism 31 (2000), pp. 416–54
• G. Foerster, `The Ancient Synagogues of the Galilee’, in L.I. Levine (ed.), The Galilee in Late Antiquity (New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1992), pp. 289-319.
• E.R. Goodenough, Jewish Symbols in the Greco--Roman Period, IV (New York: Bollingen Foundation, 1954), pp. 71-98. See also:
• M. Smith, 'Goodenough's Jewish Symbols in Retrospect', Journal of Biblical Literature 86 (1967), pp. 53-68.
• M. Goodman, `The Jewish Image of God in Late Antiquity’, in R. Kalmin and S. Schwartz (eds.), Jewish Culture and Society under the Christian Roman Empire (Leuven: Peeters, 2004), pp. 133-45. (B)
• J. Gutmann, 'Early Synagogue and Jewish Catacomb Art and Its Relation to Christian Art', ANRW II 21,2 (1984), pp. 1313-42.
• R. Hachlili, Ancient Jewish Art and Archeology in the Land of Israel (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1988).
• P.W. van der Horst, Ancient Jewish Epitaphs: An Introductory Surveu of a millennium of Jewish funerary epigraphy (300 BCE - 700 CE) (Kampen: Kok Pharos, 1991).
• P. van der Horst, ‘Greek in Jewish Palestine in Light of Jewish Epigraphy’ in J. Collins and G. Sterling (eds.), Hellenism in the Land of Israel (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001), Christianity and Judaism in Antiquity, 13, pp. 154–74.
• M. White, ‘Synagogue and Society in Imperical Ostia: Archaeological and Epigraphical Evidence’, Harvard Theological Review 90 (1997), pp. 23–58.
• A. Runesson, ‘The Oldest Original Synagogue Building in the Diaspora: A Response to L. Michael White’
• Harvard Theological Review 92 (1999), pp. 409–433
• E. M. Meyers, ‘Galilean Regionalism as a Factor in Historical Reconstruction’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 221 (1976), pp. 93–101.
• T. Ilan, ‘Premarital Cohabitation in Ancient Judea: The Evidence of the Babatha Archive and the Mishnah (Ketubbot 1.4)’ , Harvard Theological Review 86 (1993), pp. 247–264.
• A. Kloner, 'Ancient Synagogues in israel: An Archeological Survey', in L.I. Levine (ed.), Ancient Synagogues Revealed (Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society, 1981), pp. 11-19.
• M. Moreland, ‘The Inhabitants of Galilee in the Hellenistic and Early Roman Periods: Probes into the Archaeological and Literary Evidence’, in J. Zangenberg, H.W. Atrridge and D.B. Martin (eds.), Religion, Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Galilee (WUNT, 20; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007), pp. 133-59.§
• L.I. Levine, The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000).
• L.I. Levine (ed.), The Synagogue in Late Antiquity (Philadelphia: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1987).
• E. Meyers, ‘The Use of Archaeology in Understanding Rabbinic Materials’ in M. A. Fishbane and P. R.
• Flohr (eds.), Texts and Responses: Studies Presented to Nahum N. Glatzer on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday by His Students (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1975), pp. 28–42, 93–94.
• J. Neusner and J.Z. Smith, 'Archaeology and Babylonian Jewry', in J.A. Sanders (ed.), Near Eastern Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: Essays in Honor of Nelson Glueck (Garden City: Doubleday, 1970), pp. 331-47.
• E.P. Sanders, Judaism: Practice and Belief 63 BCE -- 66 CE (London: SCM Press; Philadelphia: Trinity Press International, 1992), pp. 242-47.
• S. Schwartz, ‘Gamaliel in Aphrodite’s Bath: Palestinian Judaism and Urban Culture in the Third and Fourth Centuries’, in P. Schäfer (ed.), The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman Culture, I (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1998), pp. 203-17.
• M. Smith, ‘Helios in Palestine’, Eretz Israel 16 (1982), pp. 199-214.
• H.-P. Stähli, Antike Synagogenkunst (Stuttgart: Calwer Verlag, 1988).
• G. Stemberger, 'Synagogue Building', in Idem, Jews and Christians in the Holy Land: Palestine in the Fourth Century (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 2000), pp. 121-60.
• S. Stern, ‘Pagan Images in late antique Palestinian Synagogues’, in: S. Mitchell, G. Greatrex (eds.), Ethnicity and Culture in Late Antiquity (London, 2000), pp. 241-52.
• D. Urman and P.V.M. Flesher (eds.), Ancient Synagogues: Historical Analysis and Archaeological Discovery, I-II (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995), pp. 3-48, 181-255, 301-18, 367-72.
• Z. Weiss, ‘Greco-Roman Influences on the Art and Architecture of the Jewish City in Roman Palestine’ in H. Lapin (ed.), Religious and Etnic Communities in Later Roman Palestine (University of Maryland Press, 1999), pp. 219–46

Cairo Genizah

• Encyclopaedia Judaica, I-XVI (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 1972;
• CD-ROM edition, Jerusalem: Judaica Multimedia, 1997); 'Genizah, Cairo'.
• S.D. Goitein, ‘Introduction’, in Idem, A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. I. Economic Foundations (Berkely: University of California Press, 1967), pp. 1-28. (B)
• R. Brody, The Geonim of Babylonia and the Shaping of Medieval Jewish Culture (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), pp. 30-34 and index. (B)
• J. Blau and S.C. Reif (eds.), Genizah Research After Ninety Years: The Case of Judeo-Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
• M.A. Friedman, Cairo Genizah Studies (Tel-Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press, 1980), passim.
• A. Grossman, 'The Yeshiva of Eretz Israel, Its Literary Output and Relationship with the Diaspora', in J. Prawer and H. Ben-Shammai (eds.), The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period, 638-1099 (Jerusalem:Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi; New York:New York University Press, 1996), pp. 225-69.
• J. Newman, Halachic Sources: From the Beginnings to the Ninth Century (Pretoria Oriental Series, 8; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1969), pp. 173-242.
• R. Seltzer, Jewish People, Jewish Thought: The Jewish Experience in History (New York: Macillan Publishing Co.; London: Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1980)
• S.D. Goitein, Studies in Islamic History and Institutions (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1966), pp. 279-95 (Ch. XIV: 'The Documents of the Cairo Geniza as a Source for Islamic Social History').
• S.D. Goitein, 'Religion in Everyday Life as Reflected in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza', in Idem (ed.), Religion in a Religious Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974), pp. 3-17.
• J. Mann, The Jews in Egypt and Palestine under the Fatimid Caliphs (repr. New York: Ktav, 1970), pp. 13-74, 153-201.
• S.C. Reif, ‘The Cairo Genizah and Its Treasures with Special Reference to Biblical Studies’, in D.R.G. Beattie and M.J. McNamara (eds.), The Aramaic Bible: Targums in Their Historical Context (JSOT.S, 166; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994), pp. 30-50. (B)
• Y. Rivlin, 'The Contribution of the Geniza to the Study of the Law of Inheritance', Te'uda 15 (1999), pp. 241-255 [in Hebrew].

Essay Two

Essay Two.2: Discuss the Roman legislation concerning the Jews in the Byzantine Period.

• A. Linder, The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation (Detroit and Jerusalem: Wayne State University Press and The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1987). Essential sourcebook.
• G. Alon, The Jews in Their Land in the Talmudic Era, I-II (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), pp. 738-57. (B)
• M. Avi-Yonah, The Jews under Roman and Byzantine rule: A Political History of Palestine from the Bar Kokhba War to the Arab conquest (New York: Schocken Books; Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1984).
• D. Bar, ‘Population, settlement and economy in Late Roman and Byzantine Palestine (70–641 AD)’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 67 (2004), pp. 307–320
• S.W. Baron, A Social and Religious History of the Jewish People, I--XVIII (New York: Columbia University Press; Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1937--52), II, pp. 3-74.
• H.H. Ben-Sasson (ed.), A History of the Jewish People (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), pp. 349-63.
• L.H. Feldman, Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), pp. 383-415. (B)
• L.H.Feldman & M.Reinhold, Jewish Life and Thought Among the Greeks and Romans (Edinburgh: T.& T. Clark, 1996).
• P. Gray, ‘Palestine and Justinian’s legislation on Non-Christian Religions’ in B. Halpern and D. Hobson (eds.), Law, politics and Society in the Ancient Mediterranean World (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993), pp. 241–70.
• S.T. Katz (ed.), The Cambridge History of Judaism. IV. The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
• F. Millar, ‘Christian Emperors, Christian Church and the Jews of the Diaspora in the Greek East, CE 379–450’, JJS 55 (2004), pp. 1-24. (O)
• J. Neusner, Judaism and Christianity in the Age of Constantine (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
• L. Rutgers, 'The Importance of Scripture in the Conflict between Jews and Christians: The Example of Antioch', in L.V. Rutgers, P.W. van der Horst, H.W. Havelaar, L. Teugels (eds), The Use of Sacred Books in the Ancient World (Leuven: Peeters, 1998), pp. 287-303. (B)
• A. Sharf, Byzantine Jewry from Justinian to the Fourth Crusade (New York, 1971)
• S. Schwartz, Imperialism and Jewish Society from 200 BCE to 640 CE (Princeton University Press, 2001)
• S. Schwartz, `Some Types of Jewish-Christian Interaction’, in R. Kalmin and S. Schwartz (eds.), Jewish Culture and Society under the Christian Roman Empire (Leuven: Peeters, 2004), pp. 197-210. (B)
• E.M. Smallwood, The Jews Under Roman Rule (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1981).
• G. Stemberger, Jews and Christians in the Holy Land: Palestine in the Fourth Century (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 2000).
• M.H.Williams, The Jews among the Greeks and Romans: a Diasporan Sourcebook (London: Duckworth, 1998).
• See also the following links: http://www.ukans.edu/carrie/texts/carrie_books/seaver/text.html; http://homepages.uc.edu/~kleinei/cjc-jews.htm ; http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/jews-romanlaw.html.

Specific Bibliography on Justinian’s Novella 146

• A.I. Baumgarten, ‘Justinian and the Jews’, in L. Landman (ed.), Rabbi Joseph H. Lookstein Memorial Volume (New York: Ktav, 1980), pp. 37-44.
• Catherine Brewer, ‘The Status of the Jews in Roman Legislation: The Reign of Justinian 527-565 CE’, European Judaism 38.2 (2005), pp. 127-139.
• J.A.S. Evans, The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power (London: Routledge, 2000). (Esp. pp. 240-52, 183-93)
• L.H. Feldman, Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World: Attitudes and Interactions from Alexander to Justinian (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
• P.T.R. Gray, ‘Palestine and Justinian’s legislation on Non-Christian Religions’, in B. Halpern and D.W. Hobson (eds.), Law, politics and Society in the Ancient Mediterranean World (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993), pp. 241-70. (B)
• Eberhard Klingenberg, ‘Justinian’s Novellae Concerning the Jews’, in E.A. Goldman (ed.), The Jerusalem 1994 Conference Volume (Jewish Law Association Studies, 8; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1996), pp. 79-100.
• Nicholas de Lange, ‘Jews in the Age of Justinian’, in Michael Maas (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 401-29.
• A. Linder, The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation (Detroit & Jerusalem: Wayne State University Press and The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1987).
• A.M. Rabello, The Jews in the Roman Empire: Legal problems, from Herod to Justinian (Aldershot: Variorum, 2000), pp. 216-47.
• L.V. Rutgers, ‘Justinian’s Novella 146 Between Jews and Christians’, in R. Kalmin and S. Schwartz (eds.), Jewish Culture and Society under the Christian Roman Empire (Leuven: Peeters, 2003), pp. 385-407.
• Shlomo Simonsohn, ‘The Hebrew Revival among Early Medieval European Jews ‘, in S. Lieberman (ed.), Salo Baron Jubilee Volume on the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday (Jerusalem: American Academy for Jewish Research, 1974), vol. 2, pp. 831-58.
• G. Veltri, ‘Die Novelle 146 {\grk peri Ebraiwn}: Das Verbot des Targumvortrags in Justinians Politik’, in M. Hengel, A.M. Schwemer (eds.), Die Septuaginta zwischen Judentum und Christentum (WUNT, 72; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1994), pp. 116-30. (in German)
• (There is a good study by Rabello on the novella in Italian for those who are interested.)