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| URBAN
ENVIRONMENT | environmental planning
Expanding the notion of
environmental planning & management, this cluster analyses
the mainstreaming of environmental assessment into local
municipal policies and programmes, linking environmental
planning with poverty reduction and basic service provision,
and developing sustainable cities.
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local level
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice - Program for the
Protection of the Environment, Cotonou [pdf]
Benin - Pr.A.P.E. helps the Sainte Rita
community manage the waste it produces. It trains and employs
youths to collect the waste from a total of 2,700 voluntary
subscribers (households, organizations), benefiting 80%
of the 40,000 total community population.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice - Experiment for sorting
out garbage and recycling in Amman [pdf]
Jordan - The recent population increase
experienced by Amman City (capital) has resulted in a number
of economic, social and environmental problems. The most
important of these problems is related to solid waste, which
is becoming a threat to the environment in different parts
of the capital. Where the mechanism of disposing off such
garbage has become a problem in itself, particularly with
the decreasing capacity of dumps. An empirical plan has
therefore been made to sort out and recycle garbage. In
this connection, one of the most important accomplishments
achieved has been the emergence of great interest by the
Jordanian public in dealing seriously with this issue.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice -Sustainable Tourism
development through Integrated Urban Development,
Nuweiba [pdf]
Egypt - Hemaya NGO in Nuweiba has played
a vital role in Solid Waste Management, in its quest to
bring the South Sinai municipalities, Association for the
Protection of the Environment (A.P.E.) - a well established
NGO in Egypt and a pioneer in Solid Waste Management, Hemaya
NGO in Nuweiba, A.P.E. Dahab branch, the Bedouins in the
area as well as the hotel industry, together to create a
financially viable enterprise and a clean environment in
the Sinai.
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city level
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Leitmann Josef (2000 )- Integrating the Environment
in Urban Development: Singapore as a Model of Good Practice
- World Bank [pdf]
Singapore - How has Singapore managed
rapid economic development while enhancing environmental
qualityfor its citizens? The answer lies in a variety of
good practices that the city-state has employed in both
environmental planning and management. This working paper
begins by reviewing three historical phases of environmental
planning on the island. Then, the current approach to environmental
management is presented, consisting of regulatory measures,
planning controls, economic incentives, and encouragement
of public awareness and participation. Next, specific sets
of environmental good practice are elaborated in the fields
of land use, transportation, water resource management,
waste management, environmental health, air pollution control,
nature conservation,noise control, and support for environmental
businesses and regional co-operation. Finally, challenges
for the future are identified and lessons for environmental
planning and management are drawn.
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Lia, Navarro (2001) - "Exploring the environmental
and political dimensions of poverty: the cases of the cities
of Mar del Plata and Necochea-Quequén" -
Environment & Urbanization, Vol.13 No.1 - IIED
[pdf]
Argentina - This paper presents a framework
to show how information drawn from different sources for
any city allows the construction of poverty profiles and
maps. These not only help local governments to act but they
also provide a catalyst for more participatory and integrated
approaches to poverty reduction. The paper also gives examples
of how this framework was used in two cities in Argentina.
The framework brings out the multi-dimensional nature of
urban poverty, including environmental and political dimensions
which are not made evident by conventional definitions of
poverty. The framework also highlights the complex linkages
between the different dimensions and how the environmental
dimensions (including housing conditions) are not just visible
features of poverty but also key 'entry points' through
which social, economic and political dimensions can be understood
and addressed. Mapping environmental conditions also brings
out key social and spatial inequalities.
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Lippe, Michael (1999) - Corruption and Environment at
the Local Level - Transparency International / IACC
[pdf]
Corruption can have a devastating impact on the environment.
This paper will examine two instances of corruption in cities.
It will describe how urbanization has created serious pressure
on the ability of local governments to achieve their fundamental
objectives. Finally, it will discuss new thinking on environmental
management at the local level and integrity in urban governance.
Local governments, using these systems, can reduce corruption,
more effectively manage local environmental issues, and
better respond to the challenges of urbanization. |
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice - Environmental Law:
A Tool to Foster Improved Quality of Life, Belo Horizonte
[pdf]
Brazil - The sanitary and environmental
situation of Minas Gerais, the second most populated state
in Brazil, is similar to the rest of the country where over
90% of Brazilian cities lack systems for the treatment or
final disposal of urban waste and sanitary sewage. In an
effort to minimise the problem, the State Government of
Minas Gerais passed a law to distribute part of the state
tax/ICMS to areas such as health, education, sanitation
and environment.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice - Post-flood resettlement
in the Poyang Lake Region, Jiangxi Province - UN-Habitat
[pdf]
China - During the summer of 1998, extraordinarily,
severe floods occurred in the middle and lower areas of
the Yangtze River. Jiangxi Province was among the worst
stricken areas. Faced with this situation, the Chinese Government
laid down guidelines for flood control and post-disaster
reconstruction. These guidelines focused on restoring the
natural flow and flood plains of the river and involved
the relocation of human settlements from high-risk areas,
while taking advantage of the resettlement to effect universal
improvements in the living environment.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice - Enviro Options (PTY)
Ltd, Johannesburg [pdf]
South Africa - The purpose of the initiative
was to produce a dry sanitation system which was researched
and developed after the experience and work in the field
of stabilization of raw sewage using unsorted garbage as
a bulking agent. As odour problems were experienced in the
process of forced aeration, composting became apparent,
the necessity to control this odour problem lead to the
production of the micro-biological odour filter.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice - Eco-city, Johannesburg
[pdf]
South Africa - EcoCity has successfully
solved environmental problems including poverty, poor environmental
management and wasteful production and consumption methods.
It tackles poverty by promoting green ways of making and
saving money through growing organic food, recycling, repairing
bicycles, selling green energy aids and appliances, building
ecological homes and starting Eco-tourism enterprises.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice - Programme to Support
Environmental Assessment and Management, Cairo [pdf]
Egypt - Support for Environmental Assessment
and Management (SEAM) is a regional programme geared towards
strengthening decentralized environmental management and
improving environmental planning and services for the poor.
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UN-Habitat (2002) - Best Practice - Environmental approach
to management of municipal-waste in Tehran [pdf]
Iran - Tehran Municipality produces about
6500 Mg of municipal waste every day. The biggest part (95
%) goes to a landfill site located about 30 km south east
of the city. An environmental friendly, cost-effective and
ecological sustainability method of the mechanical-biological
waste treatment, called the "KAMINZUGVEKFAHREN - SCHW
BISCH HALLER MODELL" was introduced in early 2000 on
experimental basis.
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| international level
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OECD - Shaping the Urban Environment in the 21st Century:
From Understanding to Action [pdf]
This reference manual highlights the potential contribution
of sound urban-environment management to both environmental
and development goals, or in the words of the Brundtland
Commission, to development that "meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs".
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Documents
highlighting DFID's published work in support of environmental
planning in urban areas:
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"Environmental
Tax Redistribution in Minas Gerais" - Allen,
Adriana; Nicholas You (2002) – Sustainable
Urbanisation: Bridging the Green and Brown Agendas
– DPU [pdf]
Brazil - In Minas Gerais, new legislation
for the distribution of state revenues to municipalities
according to environmental criteria has produced a
surge of environmental improvements in many municipalities.
The main aim of this 'Ecological State VAT' is to
promote
sustainable development by transferring resources
to those localities that give priority to the treatment
and
final disposal of waste and urban sewage, and to creating
conservation areas.
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UN-Habitat / DFID (2002) - Sustainable
Urbanisation, Achieving Agenda 21 [pdf]
This publication is addressed to stakeholders at
all levels, setting out specific promises and challenges
of achieving sustainable urbanization. It elaborates
on many of the issues raised at the first World Urban
Forum that held at UN-HABITAT headquarters in Nairobi
in April-May 2002. Sustainable urbanisation is a dynamic
multi-dimensional process covering environmental as
well as social, economic and political-institutional
sustainability. In this document, the main challenges
to achieving sustainable urbanisation are identified
and recent experiences of promising approaches to
planning and managing urban areas reviewed. |
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