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URBAN ECONOMY | Urban-Rural
Interactions
This cluster reflects the
increasing recognition of the significance of urban-rural
interactions and interdependence for economic growth and
poverty reduction. The documents included here highlight
the importance of appropriate forms of peri-urban governance
to manage the processes of urbanisation and to protect the
rights of the rural and urban poor. |
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local level
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Bah, Mahmoud et al. (2003) - "Changing rural –
urban linkages in Mali, Nigeria and Tanzania"- Environment
& Urbanization - Vol 15 No 1, April 2003 - IIED
[pdf]
Mali, Nigeria, Tanzania - This paper compares
and contrasts changing rural–urban linkages drawing
on research in six case study areas in Mali, Nigeria and
Tanzania. The aim of the research was to gain a better understanding
of the ways in which the livelihoods of rural and urban
households rely on both rural-based and urban-based resources,
and on exchanges between urban and rural areas. The paper
describes changes in farming systems under the impact of
urban expansion, with special attention to access to land
and other natural resources such as water, and also access
to markets and the role of traders, especially small-scale
operators. It also examines how changing rural and urban
contexts, as well as wider national and regional contexts,
affect patterns of income diversification and mobility,
especially the differential impacts with regard to women
and men and to young and older people. Finally, it analyzes
the role of the case studies’ urban centres in the
economic and social development of their surrounding regions.
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Baker,Jonathan (1995) - " Survival and accumulation
strategies at the rural-urban interface in north-west Tanzania"
- Environment & Urbanization - Vol. 7 No. 1,
April 1995 - IIED [pdf]
Tanzania - This paper presents empirical
material collected in the small town of Biharamulo (population
20,000) and four surrounding villages in 1993. The study
area is located in the Kagera Region of north-west Tanzania.
The paper attempts to demonstrate how rural areas and small
urban centres are economically interdependent. Biharamulo
is a district headquarter town and fulfils, inter alia,
important administrative, marketing, service and retailing
functions. The paper discusses how the four villages interact
with the town and illustrates how village households adopt
a combination of survival and accumulation strategies including
the use of rural and urban resources. The most successful
village households appear to be those which use urban opportunities
and assets (for example, urban employment, urban house and
shop ownership) to diversify income sources and thereby
avoid the uncertainties of relying solely on marketable
crop production for household security. As a backdrop to
the whole discussion, an attempt is made to analyze the
types of households which might be poor or, at least, susceptible
to poverty.
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city level
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Djillali, Benouar (2002) - The Need for an Integrated
Disaster Management Strategy in North Africa Towards Poverty
Reduction: A Case Study of Algiers - USTHB [pdf]
Algeria- As many other countries of the
world, the northern African countries also suffer from environmental
and geological problems, among others, the large cities
and their suburbs. The capitals, particularly, represent
gravitational poles and constitute true economic metropolises
of them, recording a considerable migratory flow in addition
to one important demographic growth, a fast industrialization
and an anarchistic urbanization, which make of it the receptacle
of various sources of pollution, where ground, air and sea
do not escape the consequences of these plagues.
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Eaton, Derek & Thea Hilhors (2003) - "Opportunities
for managing solid waste flows in the peri-urban interface
of Bamako and Ouagadougou" - Environment &
Urbanization, Vol 15 No 1 April 2003 - IIED [pdf]
Burkina Faso, Mali - This paper examines
the links between solid urban waste management and peri-urban
agriculture in Bamako and Ouagadougou. Staple crop farmers
in the vicinity of both cities value urban waste as a source
of organic matter and are prepared to pay for it. Cultivation
on degraded soils has even been revived in some cases thanks
to this readily available resource. However, uncertain land
tenure means that farmers have little incentive to ensure
the safe disposal of dangerous elements in solid waste.
Current plans would eliminate this recycling practice and
promote largescale composting, but the cost for farmers
will be too high, leaving them with an incentive to make
their own illicit arrangements for acquiring waste material.
Furthermore, small enterprises and associations that have
come to play a complementary and innovative role in waste
management would be forced out. The key challenges for policy
are to build on economic and institutional reality and to
regard urban waste not as a dangerous nuisance but as a
source of nutrients for agriculture. Opportunities exist
to deliver waste that has been sorted, though not composted,
to peri-urban farmers.
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Jenkins, Paul (2003) -"In search of the urban–rural
frontline in postwar Mozambique and Angola"- Environment
& Urbanization, Vol 15 No 1, April 2003 - IIED
[pdf]
Angola, Mozambique- This paper describes
urbanization processes in three intermediate urban centres,
two in Mozambique and one in Angola. Both countries have
suffered major social strife, and the rural livelihood base
that existed before and after Independence has been severely
affected. The lack of national and local infrastructure,
combined with limited market opportunities and competition
from cheap agricultural imports, undermine attempts to revitalize
the rural economy through commercial agriculture. The growth
in population size of the three urban centres is largely
the result of the need for rural residents to combine non
agricultural activities, mainly in the urban informal sector,
with subsistence farming for their survival, rather than
the product of demand for labour in urban-based industry
and services. Whilst local solutions to the centres’
environmental problems are absolutely necessary, they need
to be linked to realistic interventions at the global level
concerning development opportunities and to a better integration
of rural and urban development programmes.
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international level
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Payne, Geoffrey (2002) - Land management in urban and
peri-urban areas, Asian land Policy Workshop, Phnom
Pehn, Cambodia [pdf]
Phnom Pehn, Cambodia
- Urban growth in Asia has produced some of the worlds
largest conurbations. Whilst growth rates vary considerably,
this large population base has created substantial numerical
increases even where the percentage growth has been relatively
low. In some secondary urban areas, Kirk notes that growth
rates have been particularly high, so that urban expansion
into peri-urban areas is a common feature throughout the
region. As has already been noted, agricultural areas in
Asia tend to be held in a large number of small parcels.
Urban expansion is therefore complicated by the need to
co-ordinate the aggregation of many small parcels into larger
areas of planned urban development.
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websites |
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Habitat
Agenda
Section IV
related to the Peri-Urban
interface:
C-2 Sustainable land use [pdf]
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Documents highlighting DFID's published
work in support of the Urban-Rural Interface and its
relevance to urban governance and planning. |
Adell, German (1999) - Theories
and Models of the Peri-Urban Interface: A changing
Conceptual Landscape - DPU / PUI [pdf]
The aim of this literature review is to examine the
complexity of the theoretical discussion on concepts
and models of regional development, where the PUI
finds a theoretical place within the broader literature
on rural-urban interactions and linkages. The validity
of a rather old concept (first discussions date from
the 1950s) will be assessed, and its evolution when
confronted with new theoretical contexts such as globalisation
will be examined. |
Allen, Adriana
&Julio D. Dávila (2000) - Mind the
gap! Bridging the rural-urban divide - DPU /
PUI [pdf]
Rural areas
have long been a source of food, raw materials and
labour for cities. So too, are cities places of opportunity
for rural dwellers, providing markets for agricultural
products, specialised services and sources of temporary
employment and shelter. Urban-rural linkages are particularly
intense in the peri-urban interface, characterised
by constant flux, complex social structures, fragmented
institutions and shifting focus. Different policy
solutions are clearly needed for peri-urban areas
to those advanced for rural or urban areas. |
Allen, Adriana with
Nilvo L. A. da Silva and Enrico Corubolo (1999) -
Environmental Problems and Opportunities of the
Peri-Urban Interface and their Impact Upon the Poor
- DPU / PUI [pdf]
The objective of this document is to provide an overview
of the problems and opportunities of the peri-urban
interface (PUI) with regard to the broad concerns
of environmental
sustainability and poverty. |
Atkinson, Adrian (1999) - Principles
and Components of a Strategic EPM Process Relevant
to the Peri-Urban Internface - DPU / PUI[pdf]
In the first instance the concern of this paper is
with inquiring, as stated in the title of the paper,
into principles and components of a strategic environmental
planning and management (EPM) process relevant to
the PUI. The research focuses attention in particular
on the problems and needs of the poor living at the
interface. |
Brook, Robert & Julio D. Dávila
(2000) - The Peri-Urban Interface-A tale of two
cities - DPU/ University of Wales[pdf]
Ghana / India - The main aims of
the project were to consolidate the considerable knowledge
generated over five years by several research teams
about the peri-urban interface (PUI) of two medium
-sized cities: Hubli-Dharwad (India) and Kumasi (Ghana).
The Consolidation Project Team were given the task
of assessing whether this knowledge was adequate for
development of new calls for research, and for identifying
any significant knowledge gaps resulting from a change
in focus in DFID's aid programme from that of increasing
productivity towards reducing poverty. |
Budds, Jessica & Alicia Minaya
(1999) - Overview of Initiatives Regarding the
Management of the Peri-Urban Interface - DPU
/ PUI [pdf]
Ghana / Kenya - The aim of this
paper is to provide an overview of the initiatives
that are being taken with respect to the management
of the peri-urban interface by development agencies,
NGOs, research institutes and government authorities.
The report is structured in two parts: the first will
consider the initiatives being undertaken at the programme
level and the second will
consider interventions at the project level. |
Cornish, G. A. & P. Lawrence
(2001) - Informal Irrigation in Peri-urban Areas
: A summary of findings and recommendations -
HR / DFID [pdf]
Ghana / Kenya- Although many agencies
engaged in Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (UPA)
stress the importance of water as a production input,
there is little detailed
information available describing the use and management
of this resource. To address this knowledge gap the
British Government’s Department for International
Development (DFID) funded this research project to
obtain quantitative and qualitative information on
the productivity and constraints of irrigated, peri-urban
agriculture. |
Dávila,
Julio D. with Jessica Budds and Alicia Minaya (1999)
- A Review of Policies and Strategies Affecting
the Peri-Urban Interface - DPU / PUI [pdf]
As discussed elsewhere (Adell, 1999; Allen, 1999),
whilst there is no accepted definition of what precisely
constitutes the peri-urban interface,
the project team has identified at least three different
approaches from where it has been conventionally conceptualised.
These approaches may be classified according to the
set of variables they choose to emphasise: physical
attributes, such as proximity to the city and poor
infrastructure; socio-economic variables; or urban-rural
flows (of people, energy, goods). |
DPU / PUI
(2001) - Living between
urban and rural areas- Shaping change for improved
livelihoods and a better environment [pdf]
Guidelines for strategic environmental planning and
management of the peri-urban interface |
Hide, J. M. & J. Kimani (2000)
- Informal Irrigation in the Peri-Urban Zone of
Nairobi, Kenya : Findings from an initial questionnaire
survey - DFID [pdf]
Kenya - The research is based on
field studies being carried out in and around Kumasi,
Ghana and Nairobi, Kenya. The survey reported in this
Technical Note was carried out to provide quantitative
information on the role of informal irrigation in
the peri-urban zone of Nairobi, Kenya, examining its
importance and contribution to family welfare, its
technical characteristics and the institutional, social,
economic and technical constraints faced by practitioners |
Mattingly, Michael (1999) - Institutional
Structures and Processes for Environmental Planning
and Management of the Peri-Urban Interface -
DPU / PUI [pdf]
Strategies
are needed which deal not only with urban impacts
but also with the transitional nature of activities
in the zone, once urban impacts are felt. And there
are strategies for rural activities to exploit their
proximity to towns and cities. Yet these strategies
must be matched to the limited capacities of the institutions
available for formulating and implementing them if
they are to be effective. Alternatively, institutions
can be given new capacities or new relationships. |
Tacoli, Cecilia
(1999) - Understanding the Opportunities and Constraints
for Low-Income Groups in the Peri-Urban Interface:
the Contribution of Livelihood Frameworks - DPU
/ PUI [pdf]
There is increased recognition that the ways in which
individuals and households achieve their basic needs
are based on the management of a complex combination
of capabilities, assets (including both material and
social resources) and activities. Related to this
is a more dynamic analysis of poverty which has been
developed in recent years and which shows that people
tend to move in and out of poverty, depending on how
vulnerable they are to external shocks and stresses,
and on how rapidly they can recover from such crises. |
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