Quotations and referencing

Quotations

Verse quotations longer than two lines of verse and prose quotations longer than three lines of type should be indented.

Shorter quotations (two lines of verse or less than three lines of prose) should be enclosed in single quotation marks and run on with the main text. A quotation within a quotation should be enclosed in double quotation marks.

To enable your reader to follow them up with ease, the source of all quotations must be identified clearly and consistently using one of the following conventions:

Bibliographical references

1.MHRA

On the occasion of the first quotation from a source or reference to it, whether primary or secondary, details should be given in full, together with the appropriate page reference, in a numbered note. For subsequent quotations from the same source, a page reference in brackets immediately following the quotation is sufficient (p. 56), though where you are using several sources by the same author, this should be preceded by an abbreviated form of the title (KM, p. 56). Your Bibliography should contain full details of all works referred to in your essay and, where required, a list of title abbreviations adopted.

References to primary and secondary literature should follow the pattern of the examples below, which adapt the standard style of the MHRA Style Guide. Notes for Authors, Editors and Writers of Theses (the latest edition can be downloaded from:

http://www.mhra.org.uk/Downloads/index.html

Please note the following:

For primary sources, use readily available editions: the standard or most recent Gesammelte Werke, the library hardback, or the established paperback. Your teacher or supervisor will advise you here. The objectives are reliability of text and ease of reference for your reading. The rule-of-thumb is to italicise titles of books, journals, free-standing poems or essays, but to put in single quotation-marks separate items (articles, poems, essays) in titled books, journals or collections.

Examples:

Books

* Günter Grass, Der Butt (Darmstadt and Neuwied, 1977), p. 33.

Or:

* Günter Grass, Der Butt (Frankfurt a.M., 1979), p. 26, Fischer Taschenbuch 1180.

* Heinrich von Kleist, Sämtliche Werke und Briefe, ed. by Helmut Sembdner, 2 vols (Munich, 1952), I, pp. 708-709.

Articles in books

* Andrea Stoll, ‘Grenzerfahrungen der poetischen Existenz: Ingeborg Bachmann (1926-1973). Ein Porträt’, in Deutsche Literatur von Frauen, ed. by Gisela Brinker-Gabler, 2 vols (Munich, 1988), II, p. 439.

Articles in journals

* David Constantine, ‘The City and its People: the Recovery of the Classical Past’, Publications of the English Goethe Society, 58 (1989), 42.

References to internet sources should supply the full reference with the original date published as well as the date when you consulted the source (since websites tend to change and disappear). For example:

* Rollot C, ‘Bourses universitaires: le gouvernement veut aider les classes moyennes’, Le Monde, 19 septembre 2007 (consulted at www.lemonde.fr, 27 September 2007)

* Braudeau M., ‘L’Absent de la Route Rimbaud’, Le Monde, 15 janvier 2002 (consulted at www.lemonde.fr, 1 November 2005)

* Amnesty International, ‘Making Rights a Reality’, 1 September 2005 (consulted at http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGACT770552005?open&of=ENG-326, 12 November 2005)

2. Harvard

References in your text should refer to the Bibliography (called a ‘Works Consulted’ list if you are using more varied sources than books), giving the author’s name and page number in brackets after the quotation: (Bishop: 269). If more than one work by an author is cited add the date of publication for clarity of reference – e.g. (Bishop 1994: 269).

Your Bibliography (or ‘Works Consulted’ list) should be included at the end of the piece of work and set out on a separate sheet of paper which is additional to, and not included in, the stipulated number of pages. It should contain a full list of references used in the text of the essay including direct quotations, paraphrased quotations or ideas, as well as all indirect or secondary references to quotations or ideas.

References in your bibliography (or ‘Works Consulted’ list) should be consistent and in the following style:

* Gunning T, ‘Tracing the Individual Body: Photography, Detectives, and Early Cinema’, in Charney L and Schwartz V (eds.), Cinema and the Invention of Modern Life, Berkeley, University of California Press: 15-45.

* Bishop T, ‘Le théâtre aujourd’hui’, French Cultural Studies, vol 5 no. 15: 15-24.

* Fauvet J, ‘En marge des partis’, Le Monde, 15 juin: 7-9.

* Scott J W, Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man, London and Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.

* Rollot C, ‘Bourses universitaires: le gouvernement veut aider les classes moyennes’, Le Monde, 19 septembre: (consulted at www.lemonde.fr, 27 September 2007)

* Braudeau M., ‘L’Absent de la Route Rimbaud’, Le Monde, 15 janvier: (consulted at www.lemonde.fr, 1 November 2005)

* Amnesty International (2005), ‘Making Rights a Reality’, 1 September: (consulted at http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGACT770552005?open&of=ENG-326, 12 November 2005)

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