UCL Cancer Institute

Medical genomics

Group Leader: Professor Stephan Beck

The laboratory has broad interests in the genomics and epigenomics of phenotypic plasticity in health and disease. In addition to genetic variations, we study epigenetic variations such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs and how they modulate genome function. Central to our research is the development of systems approaches for integration of multi-dimensional data and their application to epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) in cancer and other common diseases to advance translational, regenerative and personalized medicine. The Medical Genomics Group offers state-of-the-art facilities and a stimulating environment for graduate and post-doctoral training.

Publications

Methylome analysis using MeDIP-seq with low DNA concentrations.
Taiwo O, Wilson GA, Morris T, Seisenberger S, Reik W, Pearce D, Beck S, Butcher LM.
Nat Protoc. 2012 Mar 8;7(4):617-36. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2012.012. PMID: 22402632 (pubmed)

BLUEPRINT to decode the epigenetic signature written in blood.
Adams D, Altucci L, Antonarakis SE, Ballesteros J, Beck S, Bird A, Bock C, Boehm B, Campo E, Caricasole A, Dahl F, Dermitzakis ET, Enver T, Esteller M, Estivill X, Ferguson-Smith A, Fitzgibbon J, Flicek P, Giehl C, Graf T, Grosveld F, Guigo R, Gut I, Helin K, Jarvius J, Küppers R, Lehrach H, Lengauer T, Lernmark A, Leslie D, Loeffler M, Macintyre E, Mai A, Martens JH, Minucci S, Ouwehand WH, Pelicci PG, Pendeville H, Porse B, Rakyan V, Reik W, Schrappe M, Schübeler D, Seifert M, Siebert R, Simmons D, Soranzo N, Spicuglia S, Stratton M, Stunnenberg HG, Tanay A, Torrents D, Valencia A, Vellenga E, Vingron M, Walter J, Willcocks S.
Nat Biotechnol. 2012 Mar 7;30(3):224-6. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2153. PMID: 22398613 (pubmed)

Suffocating cancer: hypoxia-associated epimutations as targets for cancer therapy.
Thirlwell C, Schulz L, Dibra H, Beck S.
Clin Epigenetics. 2011 Dec 5;3:9. PMID: 22414300 (pubmed)

Epigenome-wide association studies for common human diseases.
Rakyan VK, Down TA, Balding DJ, Beck S.
Nat Rev Genet. 2011 Jul 12;12(8):529-41. doi: 10.1038/nrg3000 PMID: 21747404 (pubmed)

Accessing and selecting genetic markers from available resources.
Bell CG.
Methods Mol Biol. 2011;760:1-17. PMID: 21779987 (pubmed)

Functional regulatory T cells produced by inhibiting cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 3 prevent allograft rejection.
Feng G, Nadig SN, B‰ckdahl L, Beck S, Francis RS, Schiopu A, Whatcott A, Wood KJ, Bushell A.
Sci Transl Med. 2011 May 18;3(83):83ra40 PMID: 21593400 (pubmed)

Comparative methylome analysis of benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours.
Feber A, Wilson GA, Zhang L, Presneau N, Idowu B, Down TA, Rakyan VK, Noon LA. Lloyd AC, Stupka E, Schiza V, Teschendorff A, Schroth GP, Flanagan A, Beck S.
Genome Res. 2011 Apr;21(4):515-24. Epub 2011 Feb 1 PMID:21324880 (pubmed)

Integrated genetic and epigenetic analysis identifies haplotype-specific methylation in the FTO type 2 diabetes and obesity susceptibility locus.
Bell CG, Finer S, Lindgren CM, Wilson GA, Rakyan VK, Teschendorff AE, Akan P, Stupka E, Down TA, Prokopenko I, Morison IM, Mill J, Pidsley R; International Type 2 Diabetes 1q Consortium, Deloukas P, Frayling TM, Hattersley AT, McCarthy MI, Beck S, Hitman GA.
PLoS One. 2010 Nov 18;5(11):e14040. PMID:21124985 (pubmed)

The DNA methylome of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Li Y, Zhu J, Tian G, Li N, Li Q, Ye M, Zheng H, Yu J, Wu H, Sun J, Zhang H, Chen Q, Luo R, Chen M, He Y, Jin X, Zhang Q, Yu C, Zhou G, Sun J, Huang Y, Zheng H, Cao H, Zhou X, Guo S, Hu X, Li X, Kristiansen K, Bolund L, Xu J, Wang W, Yang H, Wang J, Li R, Beck S, Wang J, Zhang X.
PLoS Biol. 2010 Nov 9;8(11):e1000533. PMID:21085693 (pubmed)

The epigenomic interface between genome and environment in common complex diseases.
Bell CG, Beck S.
Brief Funct Genomics. 2010 Dec;9(5-6):477-85. Epub 2010 Nov 8. PMID:21062751 (pubmed)

A-Z of methylome analysis.
Beck S.
Methods. 2010 Nov;52(3):201-2. PMID:21047596 (pubmed)

Taking the measure of the methylome.
Beck S.
Nat Biotechnol. 2010 Oct;28(10):1026-8. PMID:20944589 (pubmed)

Cancer epigenome.
Lechner M, Boshoff C, Beck S.
Adv Genet. 2010;70:247-76. PMID:20920751 (pubmed)

Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis for diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Bell CG, Teschendorff AE, Rakyan VK, Maxwell AP, Beck S, Savage DA.
BMC Med Genomics. 2010 Aug 5;3:33.PMID:20687937 (pubmed)

Single base-resolution methylome of the silkworm reveals a sparse epigenomic map.
Xiang H, Zhu J, Chen Q, Dai F, Li X, Li M, Zhang H, Zhang G, Li D, Dong Y, Zhao L, Lin Y, Cheng D, Yu J, Sun J, Zhou X, Ma K, He Y, Zhao Y, Guo S, Ye M, Guo G, Li Y, Li R, Zhang X, Ma L, Kristiansen K, Guo Q, Jiang J, Beck S, Xia Q, Wang W, Wang J.
Nat Biotechnol. 2010 May;28(5):516-20. Epub 2010 May 2.PMID: 20436463 (pubmed)

Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip.
Thirlwell C, Eymard M, Feber A, Teschendorff A, Pearce K, Lechner M, Widschwendter M, Beck S.
Methods. 2010 Apr 29. PMID: 20434562 (pubmed)

AutoMeDIP-seq: A high-throughput, whole genome, DNA methylation assay.
Butcher LM, Beck S.
Methods. 2010 Apr 10. PMID: 20385236 (pubmed)

Age-dependent DNA methylation of genes that are suppressed in stem cells is a hallmark of cancer.
Teschendorff AE, Menon U, Gentry-Maharaj A, Ramus SJ, Weisenberger DJ, Shen H, Campan M, Noushmehr H, Bell CG, Maxwell AP, Savage DA, Mueller-Holzner E, Marth C, Kocjan G, Gayther SA, Jones A, Beck S, Wagner W, Laird PW, Jacobs IJ, Widschwendter M.
Genome Res. 2010 Apr;20(4):440-6. Epub 2010 Mar 10. PMID: 20219944 (pubmed)

DNA methylation-mediated down-regulation of DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1) is coincident with, but not essential for, global hypomethylation in human placenta.
Novakovic B, Wong NC, Sibson M, Ng HK, Morley R, Manuelpillai U, Down T, Rakyan VK, Beck S, Hiendleder S, Roberts CT, Craig JM, Saffery R.
J Biol Chem. 2010 Mar 26;285(13):9583-93. Epub 2010 Jan 13. PMID: 20071334 (pubmed)

Isolation and characterization of 10 MHC Class I-associated microsatellite loci in tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii)
Cheng Y, Wakefield M, Siddle HV, Coggill PC, Herbert CA, Beck S, Belov K, Eldridge MDB.
Molecular Ecology Resources 2009 9:346-349. (abstract)

A shore sign of reprogramming.
Pollard SM, Stricker SH, Beck S.
Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Dec 4;5(6):571-2. PMID: 19951682 (pubmed)

An epigenetic signature in peripheral blood predicts active ovarian cancer.
Teschendorff AE, Menon U, Gentry-Maharaj A, Ramus SJ, Gayther SA, Apostolidou S, Jones A, Lechner M, Beck S, Jacobs IJ, Widschwendter M.
PLoS One. 2009 Dec 18;4(12):e8274. PMID: 20019873 (pubmed)

A novel system of polymorphic and diverse NK cell receptors in primates.
Averdam A, Petersen B, Rosner C, Neff J, Roos C, Eberle M, Aujard F, M¸nch C, Schempp W, Carrington M, Shiina T, Inoko H, Knaust F, Coggill P, Sehra H, Beck S, Abi-Rached L, Reinhardt R, Walter L.
PLoS Genet. 2009 Oct 16;5(10):e1000688. PMID: 19834558 (pubmed)

Advances in the identification and analysis of allele-specific expression.
Bell CG, Beck S.
Genome Med. 2009 May 29;1(5):56. PMID: 19490587 (pubmed)

Gene body methylation of the dimethylarginine dimethylamino-hydrolase 2 (Ddah2) gene is an epigenetic biomarker for neural stem cell differentiation.
B‰ckdahl L, Herberth M, Wilson G, Tate P, Campos LS, Cortese R, Eckhardt F, Beck S.
Epigenetics. 2009 May;4(4):248-54. PMID: 19535899 (pubmed)

MHC-linked and un-linked class I genes in the wallaby.
Siddle HV, Deakin JE, Coggill P, Hart E, Cheng Y, Wong ES, Harrow J, Beck S, Belov K.
BMC Genomics. 2009 Jul 14;10(1):310. PMID: 19602235 (pubmed)

Sites of Differential DNA Methylation between Placenta and Peripheral Blood. Molecular Markers for Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis of Aneuploidies.
Papageorgiou EA, Fiegler H, Rakyan V, Beck S, Hulten M, Lamnissou K, Carter NP, Patsalis PC.
Am J Pathol. 2009 May;174(5):1609-18. PMID: 19349366 (pubmed)

A common variant associated with dyslexia reduces expression of the KIAA0319 gene.
Dennis MY, Paracchini S, Scerri TS, Prokunina-Olsson L, Knight JC, Wade-Martins R, Coggill P, Beck S, Green ED, Monaco AP.
PLoS Genet. 2009 Mar;5(3):e1000436. Epub 2009 Mar 27.PMID: 19325871 (pubmed)

Placenta specific methylation of the vitamin D 24-hydroxylase gene: Implications for feedback autoregulation of active vitamin D levels at the fetomaternal interface.
Novakovic B, Sibson M, Ng HK, Manuelpillai U, Rakyan VK, Down TA, Beck S, Fournier T, Evain-Brion D, Dimitriadis E, Craig JM, Morley R, Saffery R.
J Biol Chem. 2009 May 29;284(22):14838-48. PMID: 19237542 (pubmed)

High levels of genetic variation at MHC class II DBB loci in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii).
Cheng Y, Siddle HV, Beck S, Eldridge MD, Belov K.
Immunogenetics. 2009 Feb;61(2):111-8. Epub 2008 Dec 12. PMID: 19082823 (pubmed)

Reconfiguration of genomic anchors upon transcriptional activation of the human major histocompatibility complex.
Ottaviani D, Lever E, Mitter R, Jones T, Forshew T, Christova R, Tomazou EM, Rakyan VK, Krawetz SA, Platts AE, Segarane B, Beck S, Sheer D.
Genome Res. 2008 Nov;18(11):1778-86. PMID: 18849521 (pubmed)

Association of Smoking Behavior with an Odorant Receptor Allele Telomeric to the Human Major Histocompatibility Complex.
Santos PS, F¸st G, Proh·szka Z, Volz A, Horton R, Miretti M, Yu CY, Beck S, Uchanska-Ziegler B, Ziegler A.
Genet Test. 2008 Dec;12(4):481-6. PMID: 18939942 (pubmed)

Inflammatory signalling as mediator of epigenetic modulation in tissue-specific chronic inflammation.
B‰ckdahl L, Bushell A, Beck S.
Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2009 Jan;41(1):176-84. Epub 2008 Aug 26. Review. PMID: 18793748 (pubmed)

Specific tumour-associated methylation in normal human term placenta and first-trimester cytotrophoblasts.
Novakovic B, Rakyan V, Ng HK, Manuelpillai U, Dewi C, Wong NC, Morley R, Down T, Beck S, Craig JM, Saffery R.
Mol Hum Reprod. 2008 Sep;14(9):547-54. Epub 2008 Aug 16. PMID: 18708652 (pubmed)

Moving AHEAD with an international human epigenome project.
American Association for Cancer Research Human Epigenome Task Force; European Union, Network of Excellence, Scientific Advisory Board.
Nature. 2008 Aug 7;454(7205):711-5. PMID: 18685699 (pubmed)

A Bayesian deconvolution strategy for immunoprecipitation-based DNA methylome analysis.
Down TA, Rakyan VK, Turner DJ, Flicek P, Li H, Kulesha E, Gr‰f S, Johnson N, Herrero J, Tomazou EM, Thorne NP, B‰ckdahl L, Herberth M, Howe KL, Jackson DK, Miretti MM, Marioni JC, Birney E, Hubbard TJ, Durbin R, TavarÈ S, Beck S.
Nat Biotechnol. 2008 Jul;26(7):779-85. PMID: 18612301 (pubmed)

An integrated resource for genome-wide identification and analysis of human tissue-specific differentially methylated regions (tDMRs).
Rakyan V, Down T, Thorne N, Flicek P, Kulesha E, Graf S, Tomazou E, Backdahl L, Johnson N, Herberth M, Howe K, Jackson D, Miretti M, Fiegler H, Marioni J, Birney E, Hubbard T, Carter N, Tavare S, Beck S.
Genome Res. 2008 Sep;18(9):1518-29. Epub 2008 Jun 24. PMID: 18577705 (pubmed)

Future impact of integrated high-throughput methylome analyses on human health and disease.
Butcher LM, Beck S.
J Genet Genomics. 2008 Jul;35(7):391-401. PMID: 18640619 (pubmed)

Generation of a genomic tiling array of the human Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and its application for DNA methylation analysis.
Tomazou EM, Rakyan VK, Lefebvre G, Andrews R, Ellis P, Jackson DK, Langford C, Francis MD, B‰ckdahl L, Miretti M, Coggill P, Ottaviani D, Sheer D,Murrell A, Beck S.
BMC Med Genomics. 2008 May 30;1:19. PMID: 18513384 (pubmed)

Somatically Acquired Hypomethylation of IGF2 in Breast and Colorectal Cancer.
Ito Y, Koessler T, Ibrahim AE, Rai S, Vowler SL, Abu-Amero S, Silva AL, Maia AT, Huddleston JE, Uribe-Lewis S, Woodfine K, Jagodic M, Nativio R, Dunning A, Moore G, Klenova E, Bingham S, Pharoah PD, Brenton JD, Beck S, Sandhu MS, Murrell A.
Hum Mol Genet. 2008 Sep 1;17(17):2633-43. Epub 2008 Jun 9. PMID: 18541649 (pubmed)

The methylome: approaches for global DNA methylation profiling.
Beck S, and Rakyan VK.
Trends Genet. 2008 24(5): 231-7 (pubmed).

Pillars Article: Sequences Encoded in the Class II Region of the MHC Related to the 'ABC' Superfamily of Transporters. Nature 1990. 348: 741-744
Trowsdale J, Hanson I, Mockridge I, Beck S, Townsend A, Kelly A.
J Immunol 2008 180(5): 2733-6 (pubmed).

Variation analysis and gene annotation of eight MHC haplotypes: the MHC Haplotype Project.
Horton R, Gibson R, Coggill P, Miretti M, Allcock RJ, Almeida J, Forbes S, Gilbert J, Halls K, Harrow JL, Hart E, Howe K, Jackson DK, Palmer S, Roberts P, Sims S, Stewart CA, Traherne JA, Trevanion S, Wilming L, Rogers J, de Jong PJ, Elliott JF, Sawcer S, Todd JA, Trowsdale J and Beck S.
Immunogenetics 60 (1):1-18, 2008. (pubmed)

Germline rates of de novo meiotic deletions and duplications causing several genomic disorders.
Turner DJ, Miretti M, Rajan D, Fiegler H, Carter NP, Blayney ML, Beck S, and Hurles ME.
Nature Genetics 40 (1):90-95, 2008. (pubmed)

Evolutionary vignettes of natural killer cell receptors.
Sambrook JG, Beck S.
Curr Opin Immunol. 2007 Oct;19(5):553-60. Epub 2007 Sep 19. (pubmed)

Replication Timing Profile Reflects the Distinct Functional and Genomic Features of the MHC Class II Region.
Takousis P, Johonnett P, Williamson J, Sasieni P, Warnes G, Forshew T, Azuara V, Fisher A, Wu PJ, Jones T, Vatcheva R, Beck S, Sheer D.
Cell Cycle. 2007 Jul 17;3(6) [Epub ahead of print] (pubmed)

Downregulation of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Raval A, Tanner SM, Byrd JC, Angerman EB, Perko JD, Chen SS, Hackanson B, Grever MR, Lucas DM, Matkovic JJ, Lin TS, Kipps TJ, Murray F, Weisenburger D, Sanger W, Lynch J, Watson P, Jansen M, Yoshinaga Y, Rosenquist R, de Jong PJ, Coggill P, Beck S, Lynch H, de la Chapelle A, Plass C.
Cell. 2007 Jun 1;129(5):879 (pubmed)

Different evolutionary histories of the two classical class I genes BF1 and BF2 illustrate drift and selection within the stable MHC haplotypes of chickens.
Shaw I, Powell TJ, Marston DA, Baker K, van Hateren A, Riegert P, Wiles MV, Milne S, Beck S, Kaufman J.
J Immunol. 2007 May 1;178(9):5744-52 (pubmed)

A putative tumour suppressor gene at 6q27 in sporadic epithelial ovarian cancer.Bignone PA, Lee KY, Liu Y, Emilion G, Finch J, Soosay AE, Charnock FM, Beck S, Dunham I, Mungall AJ, Ganesan TS.
Oncogene. 2007 Feb 1;26(5):683-700. Epub 2006 Jul 31. (pubmed)

A second major histocompatibility complex susceptibility locus for multiple sclerosis.
Yeo TW, De Jager PL, Gregory SG, Barcellos LF, Walton A, Goris A, Fenoglio C, Ban M, Taylor CJ, Goodman RS, Walsh E, Wolfish CS, Horton R, Traherne J, Beck S, Trowsdale J, Caillier SJ, Ivinson AJ, Green T, Pobywajlo S, Lander ES, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL, Daly MJ, Oksenberg JR, Hauser SL, Compston A, Hafler DA, Rioux JD, Sawcer S
Ann Neurol. 2007;. (pubmed) / (wiley)

Replication of the association of HLA-B7 with Alzheimer's disease: a role for homozygosity?
Lehmann DJ, Barnardo MC, Fuggle S, Quiroga I, Sutherland A, Warden DR, Barnetson L, Horton R, Beck S, Smith AD
J Neuroinflammation. 2006;3;33. (pubmed) / (jni)

The LRC haplotype project: a resource for killer immunoglobulin-like receptor-linked association studies.
Horton R, Coggill P, Miretti MM, Sambrook JG, Traherne JA, Ward R, Sims S, Palmer S, Sehra H, Harrow J, Rogers J, Carrington M, Trowsdale J, Beck S
Tissue Antigens. 2006;68;450-452. (pubmed)

Evolution and comparative analysis of the MHC Class III inflammatory region.
Deakin JE, Papenfuss AT, Belov K, Cross JG, Coggill P, Palmer S, Sims S, Speed TP, Beck S, Marshall Graves JA
BMC Genomics. 2006;7;281. (pubmed)

DNA methylation profiling of human chromosomes 6, 20 and 22.
Eckhardt F, Lewin J, Cortese R, Rakyan VK, Attwood J, Burger M, Burton J, Cox TV, Davies R, Down TA, Haefliger C, Horton R, Howe K, Jackson DK, Kunde J, Koenig C, Liddle J, Niblett D, Otto T, Pettett R, Seemann S, Thompson C, West T, Rogers J, Olek A, Berlin K, Beck S
Nat Genet. 2006;. (pubmed)

Epigenetic variation and inheritance in mammals.
Rakyan VK, Beck S
Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2006;. (pubmed)

A high-resolution HLA and SNP haplotype map for disease association studies in the extended human MHC.
de Bakker PI, McVean G, Sabeti PC, Miretti MM, Green T, Marchini J, Ke X, Monsuur AJ, Whittaker P, Delgado M, Morrison J, Richardson A, Walsh EC, Gao X, Galver L, Hart J, Hafler DA, Pericak-Vance M, Todd JA, Daly MJ, Trowsdale J, Wijmenga C, Vyse TJ, Beck S, Murray SS, Carrington M, Gregory S, Deloukas P, Rioux JD
Nat Genet. 2006;38;1166-1172. (pubmed)

Identification of the ancestral killer immunoglobulin-like receptor gene in primates.
Sambrook JG, Bashirova A, Andersen H, Piatak M, Vernikos G, Coggill P, Lifson JD, Carrington M, Beck S
BMC Genomics. 2006;7;209. (pubmed)

RPS6KA2, a putative tumour suppressor gene at 6q27 in sporadic epithelial ovarian cancer.
Bignone PA, Lee KY, Liu Y, Emilion G, Finch J, Soosay AE, Charnock FM, Beck S, Dunham I, Mungall AJ, Ganesan TS
Oncogene. 2006;. (pubmed)

Identification of a single killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) gene in the porcine leukocyte receptor complex on chromosome 6q.
Sambrook JG, Sehra H, Coggill P, Humphray S, Palmer S, Sims S, Takamatsu HH, Wileman T, Archibald AL, Beck S
Immunogenetics. 2006;58;481-6. (pubmed)

Applying whole-genome studies of epigenetic regulation to study human disease.
Lieb JD, Beck S, Bulyk ML, Farnham P, Hattori N, Henikoff S, Liu XS, Okumura K, Shiota K, Ushijima T, Greally JM
Cytogenet Genome Res. 2006;114;1-15. (pubmed)

The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1.
Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, Scott CE, Howe KL, Woodfine K, Spencer CC, Jones MC, Gillson C, Searle S, Zhou Y, Kokocinski F, McDonald L, Evans R, Phillips K, Atkinson A, Cooper R, Jones C, Hall RE, Andrews TD, Lloyd C, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Anderson F, Andrew RW, Ashwell RI, Aubin K, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Beasley H, Bethel G, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown JY, Brown AJ, Buckley D, Burton J, Bye J, Carder C, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee C, Cobley V, Collier RE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Davies J, Deadman R, Dunn M, Earthrowl M, Ellington AG, Errington H, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gay L, Ghori MR, Gibson R, Gilby LM, Gillett W, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Hammond S, Harrison ES, Hart E, Haugen E, Heath PD, Holmes S, Holt K, Howden PJ, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Hunter G, Isherwood J, James R, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy A, Kay M, Kershaw JK, Kibukawa M, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights AJ, Lad H, Laird G, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, Lush MJ, Lyne R, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Matthews NS, McLaren S, Milne S, Mistry S, M Oore MJ, Nickerson T, O'dell CN, Oliver K, Palmeiri A, Palmer SA, Parker A, Patel D, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phelps K, Phillimore BJ, Plumb R, Rajan J, Raymond C, Rouse G, Saenphimmachak C, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward C, Subramanian S, Sycamore N, Tracey A, Tromans A, Van Helmond Z, Wall M, Wallis JM, White S, Whitehead SL, Wilkinson JE, Willey DL, Williams H, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wu Z, Coulson A, Vaudin M, Sulston JE, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Dunham I, Carter NP, McVean G, Ross MT, Harrow J, Olson MV, Beck S, Rogers J, Bentley DR
Nature. 2006;441;315-321. (pubmed)

The Leukocyte Receptor Complex in Chicken Is Characterized by Massive Expansion and Diversification of Immunoglobulin-Like Loci.
Laun K, Coggill P, Palmer S, Sims S, Ning Z, Ragoussis J, Volpi E, Wilson N, Beck S, Ziegler A, Volz A
PLoS Genet. 2006;2;e73. (pubmed)

Identification of a single killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) gene in the porcine leukocyte receptor complex on chromosome 6q.
Sambrook JG, Sehra H, Coggill P, Humphray S, Palmer S, Sims S, Takamatsu HH, Wileman T, Archibald AL, Beck S
Immunogenetics. 2006;. (pubmed)

The genomic sequence and analysis of the swine major histocompatibility complex.
Renard C, Hart E, Sehra H, Beasley H, Coggill P, Howe K, Harrow J, Gilbert J, Sims S, Rogers J, Ando A, Shigenari A, Shiina T, Inoko H, Chardon P, Beck S
Genomics. 2006;. (pubmed)

Immunogenomics: Molecular hide and seek.
Miretti MM, Beck S
Hum Genomics. 2006;2;244-51. (pubmed)

Genetic Analysis of Completely Sequenced Disease-Associated MHC Haplotypes Identifies Shuffling of Segments in Recent Human History.
Traherne JA, Horton R, Roberts AN, Miretti MM, Hurles ME, Stewart CA, Ashurst JL, Atrazhev AM, Coggill P, Palmer S, Almeida J, Sims S, Wilming LG, Rogers J, de Jong PJ, Carrington M, Elliott JF, Sawcer S, Todd JA, Trowsdale J, Beck S
PLoS Genet. 2006;2;e9. (pubmed)

A genome-wide survey of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes and their paralogues in zebrafish.
Sambrook JG, Figueroa F, Beck S
BMC Genomics. 2005;6;152. (pubmed)

A comparison of tagging methods and their tagging space.
Ke X, Miretti MM, Broxholme J, Hunt S, Beck S, Bentley DR, Deloukas P, Cardon LR
Hum Mol Genet. 2005;14;2757-67. (pubmed)

Analysis of the genomic region containing the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) orthologues of MHC class III genes.
Cross JG, Harrison GA, Coggill P, Sims S, Beck S, Deakin JE, Graves JA
Cytogenet Genome Res. 2005;111;110-7. (pubmed)

Chicken TAP genes differ from their human orthologues in locus organisation, size, sequence features and polymorphism.
Walker BA, van Hateren A, Milne S, Beck S, Kaufman J
Immunogenetics. 2005;57;232-47. (pubmed)

From genome to epigenome.
Murrell A, Rakyan VK, Beck S
Hum Mol Genet. 2005;14 Suppl 1;R3-R10. (pubmed)

Chicken TAP genes differ from their human orthologues in locus organisation, size, sequence features and polymorphism.
Walker BA, van Hateren A, Milne S, Beck S, Kaufman J
Immunogenetics. 2005;. (pubmed)

The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome.
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Nature. 2005;434;325-37. (pubmed)

Characterization of the chicken C-type lectin-like receptors B-NK and B-lec suggests that the NK complex and the MHC share a common ancestral region.
Rogers SL, Göbel TW, Viertlboeck BC, Milne S, Beck S, Kaufman J
J Immunol. 2005;174;3475-83. (pubmed)

A high-resolution linkage-disequilibrium map of the human major histocompatibility complex and first generation of tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
Miretti MM, Walsh EC, Ke X, Delgado M, Griffiths M, Hunt S, Morrison J, Whittaker P, Lander ES, Cardon LR, Bentley DR, Rioux JD, Beck S, Deloukas P
Am J Hum Genet. 2005;76;634-46. (pubmed)

Single haplotype analysis demonstrates rapid evolution of the killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) loci in primates.
Sambrook JG, Bashirova A, Palmer S, Sims S, Trowsdale J, Abi-Rached L, Parham P, Carrington M, Beck S
Genome Res. 2005;15;25-35. (pubmed)

DNA methylation profiling of the human major histocompatibility complex: a pilot study for the human epigenome project.
Rakyan VK, Hildmann T, Novik KL, Lewin J, Tost J, Cox AV, Andrews TD, Howe KL, Otto T, Olek A, Fischer J, Gut IG, Berlin K, Beck S
PLoS Biol. 2004;2;e405. (pubmed)

Dr Nat Bumstead: pioneer researcher in mapping the chicken genome.
Beck S
DNA Seq. 2004;15;165-6. (pubmed)

Future potential of the Human Epigenome Project.
Eckhardt F, Beck S, Gut IG, Berlin K
Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2004;4;609-18. (pubmed)

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium
Nature. 2004;431;931-45. (pubmed)

Gene map of the extended human MHC.
Horton R, Wilming L, Rand V, Lovering RC, Bruford EA, Khodiyar VK, Lush MJ, Povey S, Talbot CC, Wright MW, Wain HM, Trowsdale J, Ziegler A, Beck S
Nat Rev Genet. 2004;5;889-99. (pubmed)

The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10.
Deloukas P, Earthrowl ME, Grafham DV, Rubenfield M, French L, Steward CA, Sims SK, Jones MC, Searle S, Scott C, Howe K, Hunt SE, Andrews TD, Gilbert JG, Swarbreck D, Ashurst JL, Taylor A, Battles J, Bird CP, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ashwell RI, Ambrose KD, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Bates K, Beasley H, Bray-Allen S, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford DC, Burrill W, Burton J, Cahill P, Camire D, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Corby N, Coulson A, Dhami P, Dutta I, Dunn M, Faulkner L, Frankish A, Frankland JA, Garner P, Garnett J, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Grocock R, Gustafson E, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart E, Heath PD, Ho TP, Hopkins B, Horne J, Howden PJ, Huckle E, Hynds C, Johnson C, Johnson D, Kana A, Kay M, Kimberley AM, Kershaw JK, Kokkinaki M, Laird GK, Lawlor S, Lee HM, Leongamornlert DA, Laird G, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, McLaren S, McLay KE, McMurray A, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Milne S, Nickerson T, Nguyen M, Overton-Larty E, Palmer SA, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phillimore B, Porter K, Rice CM, Rogosin A, Ross MT, Sarafidou T, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Skuce CD, Smith M, Standring L, Sycamore N, Tester J, Thorpe A, Torcasso W, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tsolas J, Wall M, Walsh J, Wang H, Weinstock K, West AP, Willey DL, Whitehead SL, Wilming L, Wray PW, Young L, Chen Y, Lovering RC, Moschonas NK, Siebert R, Fechtel K, Bentley D, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Doucette-Stamm L, Beck S, Smith DR, Rogers J
Nature. 2004;429;375-81. (pubmed)

DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9.
Humphray SJ, Oliver K, Hunt AR, Plumb RW, Loveland JE, Howe KL, Andrews TD, Searle S, Hunt SE, Scott CE, Jones MC, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Babbage S, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Barker DJ, Barlow KF, Bates K, Beasley H, Beasley O, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford D, Burrill W, Burton J, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Chen Y, Clarke G, Clark SY, Clee CM, Clegg S, Collier RE, Corby N, Crosier M, Cummings AT, Davies J, Dhami P, Dunn M, Dutta I, Dyer LW, Earthrowl ME, Faulkner L, Fleming CJ, Frankish A, Frankland JA, French L, Fricker DG, Garner P, Garnett J, Ghori J, Gilbert JG, Glison C, Grafham DV, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Guy J, Hall RE, Hammond S, Harley JL, Harrison ES, Hart EA, Heath PD, Henderson CD, Hopkins BL, Howard PJ, Howden PJ, Huckle E, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy AA, Kay M, Keenan S, Kershaw JK, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights A, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Leversha M, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Lovell J, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, McLaren S, McLay KE, McMurray A, Milne S, Nickerson T, Nisbett J, Nordsiek G, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Porter KM, Pandian R, Pelan S, Phillimore B, Povey S, Ramsey Y, Rand V, Scharfe M, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Sims SK, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward CA, Swarbreck D, Sycamore N, Tester J, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans A, Thomas DW, Wall M, Wallis JM, West AP, Whitehead SL, Willey DL, Williams SA, Wilming L, Wray PW, Young L, Ashurst JL, Coulson A, Blöcker H, Durbin R, Sulston JE, Hubbard T, Jackson MJ, Bentley DR, Beck S, Rogers J, Dunham I
Nature. 2004;429;369-74. (pubmed)

Comparative genomic analysis of two avian (quail and chicken) MHC regions.
Shiina T, Shimizu S, Hosomichi K, Kohara S, Watanabe S, Hanzawa K, Beck S, Kulski JK, Inoko H
J Immunol. 2004;172;6751-63. (pubmed)

Complete MHC haplotype sequencing for common disease gene mapping.
Stewart CA, Horton R, Allcock RJ, Ashurst JL, Atrazhev AM, Coggill P, Dunham I, Forbes S, Halls K, Howson JM, Humphray SJ, Hunt S, Mungall AJ, Osoegawa K, Palmer S, Roberts AN, Rogers J, Sims S, Wang Y, Wilming LG, Elliott JF, de Jong PJ, Sawcer S, Todd JA, Trowsdale J, Beck S
Genome Res. 2004;14;1176-87. (pubmed)

The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 13.
Dunham A, Matthews LH, Burton J, Ashurst JL, Howe KL, Ashcroft KJ, Beare DM, Burford DC, Hunt SE, Griffiths-Jones S, Jones MC, Keenan SJ, Oliver K, Scott CE, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Andrews DT, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Bannerjee R, Barlow KF, Bates K, Beasley H, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burrill W, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clamp ME, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee CM, Clegg SC, Cobley V, Collins JE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Deloukas P, Dhami P, Dunham I, Dunn M, Earthrowl ME, Ellington AG, Faulkner L, Frankish AG, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gilbert JG, Gilson CJ, Ghori J, Grafham DV, Gribble SM, Griffiths C, Hall RE, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart EA, Heath PD, Howden PJ, Huckle EJ, Hunt PJ, Hunt AR, Johnson C, Johnson D, Kay M, Kimberley AM, King A, Laird GK, Langford CJ, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Lloyd C, Loveland JE, Lovell J, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, McLaren SJ, McMurray A, Milne S, Moore MJ, Nickerson T, Palmer SA, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phillimore B, Porter KM, Rice CM, Searle S, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward CA, Sycamore N, Tester J, Thomas DW, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tubby B, Wall M, Wallis JM, West AP, Whitehead SL, Willey DL, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wright MW, Young L, Coulson A, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Sulston JE, Beck S, Bentley DR, Rogers J, Ross MT
Nature. 2004;428;522-8. (pubmed)

The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.
Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, Edwards CA, Ashurst JL, Wilming L, Jones MC, Horton R, Hunt SE, Scott CE, Gilbert JG, Clamp ME, Bethel G, Milne S, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Andrews TD, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Barker DJ, Barlow KF, Bates K, Beare DM, Beasley H, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bray-Allen S, Brook J, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford DC, Burrill W, Burton J, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clark G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Cobley V, Collier RE, Collins JE, Colman LK, Corby NR, Coville GJ, Culley KM, Dhami P, Davies J, Dunn M, Earthrowl ME, Ellington AE, Evans KA, Faulkner L, Francis MD, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Ghori MJ, Gilby LM, Gillson CJ, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Grant M, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Griffiths M, Hall R, Halls KS, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart EA, Heath PD, Heathcott R, Holmes SJ, Howden PJ, Howe KL, Howell GR, Huckle E, Humphray SJ, Humphries MD, Hunt AR, Johnson CM, Joy AA, Kay M, Keenan SJ, Kimberley AM, King A, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Leversha M, Lloyd CR, Lloyd DM, Loveland JE, Lovell J, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Maslen GL, Matthews L, McCann OT, McLaren SJ, McLay K, McMurray A, Moore MJ, Mullikin JC, Niblett D, Nickerson T, Novik KL, Oliver K, Overton-Larty EK, Parker A, Patel R, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Phillimore B, Phillips S, Plumb RW, Porter KM, Ramsey Y, Ranby SA, Rice CM, Ross MT, Searle SM, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Skuce CD, Smith S, Smith M, Spraggon L, Squares SL, Steward CA, Sycamore N, Tamlyn-Hall G, Tester J, Theaker AJ, Thomas DW, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tubby B, Wall M, Wallis JM, West AP, White SS, Whitehead SL, Whittaker H, Wild A, Willey DJ, Wilmer TE, Wood JM, Wray PW, Wyatt JC, Young L, Younger RM, Bentley DR, Coulson A, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Sulston JE, Dunham I, Rogers J, Beck S
Nature. 2003;425;805-11. (pubmed)

Co-duplication of olfactory receptor and MHC class I genes in the mouse major histocompatibility complex.
Amadou C, Younger RM, Sims S, Matthews LH, Rogers J, Kumanovics A, Ziegler A, Beck S, Lindahl KF
Hum Mol Genet. 2003;12;3025-40. (pubmed)

The Human Genome Project: what we have learnt about the MHC region on chromosome 6 and its potential to Behçet's disease.
Beck S
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;528;207-11. (pubmed)

The human TREM gene cluster at 6p21.1 encodes both activating and inhibitory single IgV domain receptors and includes NKp44.
Allcock RJ, Barrow AD, Forbes S, Beck S, Trowsdale J
Eur J Immunol. 2003;33;567-77. (pubmed)

Complex transcription and splicing of odorant receptor genes.
Volz A, Ehlers A, Younger R, Forbes S, Trowsdale J, Schnorr D, Beck S, Ziegler A
J Biol Chem. 2003;278;19691-701. (pubmed)

Recruitment of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 in vivo to the LMP/TAP region of the major histocompatibility complex.
Donev R, Horton R, Beck S, Doneva T, Vatcheva R, Bowen WR, Sheer D
J Biol Chem. 2003;278;5214-26. (pubmed)

Accessing HLA sequencing data through the 6ace database.
Horton R, Beck S
Methods Mol Biol. 2003;210;23-42. (pubmed)

Immunogenomics: towards a digital immune system.
Beck S
Novartis Found Symp. 2003;254;223-30; discussion 230-3, 250-2. (pubmed)

Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome.
Waterston RH, Lindblad-Toh K, Birney E, Rogers J, Abril JF, Agarwal P, Agarwala R, Ainscough R, Alexandersson M, An P, Antonarakis SE, Attwood J, Baertsch R, Bailey J, Barlow K, Beck S, Berry E, Birren B, Bloom T, Bork P, Botcherby M, Bray N, Brent MR, Brown DG, Brown SD, Bult C, Burton J, Butler J, Campbell RD, Carninci P, Cawley S, Chiaromonte F, Chinwalla AT, Church DM, Clamp M, Clee C, Collins FS, Cook LL, Copley RR, Coulson A, Couronne O, Cuff J, Curwen V, Cutts T, Daly M, David R, Davies J, Delehaunty KD, Deri J, Dermitzakis ET, Dewey C, Dickens NJ, Diekhans M, Dodge S, Dubchak I, Dunn DM, Eddy SR, Elnitski L, Emes RD, Eswara P, Eyras E, Felsenfeld A, Fewell GA, Flicek P, Foley K, Frankel WN, Fulton LA, Fulton RS, Furey TS, Gage D, Gibbs RA, Glusman G, Gnerre S, Goldman N, Goodstadt L, Grafham D, Graves TA, Green ED, Gregory S, Guigó R, Guyer M, Hardison RC, Haussler D, Hayashizaki Y, Hillier LW, Hinrichs A, Hlavina W, Holzer T, Hsu F, Hua A, Hubbard T, Hunt A, Jackson I, Jaffe DB, Johnson LS, Jones M, Jones TA, Joy A, Kamal M, Karlsson EK, Karolchik D, Kasprzyk A, Kawai J, Keibler E, Kells C, Kent WJ, Kirby A, Kolbe DL, Korf I, Kucherlapati RS, Kulbokas EJ, Kulp D, Landers T, Leger JP, Leonard S, Letunic I, Levine R, Li J, Li M, Lloyd C, Lucas S, Ma B, Maglott DR, Mardis ER, Matthews L, Mauceli E, Mayer JH, McCarthy M, McCombie WR, McLaren S, McLay K, McPherson JD, Meldrim J, Meredith B, Mesirov JP, Miller W, Miner TL, Mongin E, Montgomery KT, Morgan M, Mott R, Mullikin JC, Muzny DM, Nash WE, Nelson JO, Nhan MN, Nicol R, Ning Z, Nusbaum C, O'Connor MJ, Okazaki Y, Oliver K, Overton-Larty E, Pachter L, Parra G, Pepin KH, Peterson J, Pevzner P, Plumb R, Pohl CS, Poliakov A, Ponce TC, Ponting CP, Potter S, Quail M, Reymond A, Roe BA, Roskin KM, Rubin EM, Rust AG, Santos R, Sapojnikov V, Schultz B, Schultz J, Schwartz MS, Schwartz S, Scott C, Seaman S, Searle S, Sharpe T, Sheridan A, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Singer JB, Slater G, Smit A, Smith DR, Spencer B, Stabenau A, Stange-Thomann N, Sugnet C, Suyama M, Tesler G, Thompson J, Torrents D, Trevaskis E, Tromp J, Ucla C, Ureta-Vidal A, Vinson JP, Von Niederhausern AC, Wade CM, Wall M, Weber RJ, Weiss RB, Wendl MC, West AP, Wetterstrand K, Wheeler R, Whelan S, Wierzbowski J, Willey D, Williams S, Wilson RK, Winter E, Worley KC, Wyman D, Yang S, Yang SP, Zdobnov EM, Zody MC, Lander ES, Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium
Nature. 2002;420;520-62. (pubmed)

The MHC haplotype project: a resource for HLA-linked association studies.
Allcock RJ, Atrazhev AM, Beck S, de Jong PJ, Elliott JF, Forbes S, Halls K, Horton R, Osoegawa K, Rogers J, Sawcer S, Todd JA, Trowsdale J, Wang Y, Williams S
Tissue Antigens. 2002;59;520-1. (pubmed)

Epigenomics: genome-wide study of methylation phenomena.
Novik KL, Nimmrich I, Genc B, Maier S, Piepenbrock C, Olek A, Beck S
Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2002;4;111-28. (pubmed)

The human homologue of unc-93 maps to chromosome 6q27 - characterisation and analysis in sporadic epithelial ovarian cancer.
Liu Y, Dodds P, Emilion G, Mungall AJ, Dunham I, Beck S, Wells RS, Charnock FM, Ganesan TS
BMC Genet. 2002;3;20. (pubmed)

A cluster of ten novel MHC class I related genes on human chromosome 6q24.2-q25.3.
Radosavljevic M, Cuillerier B, Wilson MJ, Clément O, Wicker S, Gilfillan S, Beck S, Trowsdale J, Bahram S
Genomics. 2002;79;114-23. (pubmed)

Physical and transcript map of the region between D6S264 and D6S149 on chromosome 6q27, the minimal region of allele loss in sporadic epithelial ovarian cancer.
Liu Y, Emilion G, Mungall AJ, Dunham I, Beck S, Le Meuth-Metzinger VG, Shelling AN, Charnock FM, Ganesan TS
Oncogene. 2002;21;387-99. (pubmed)

The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20.
Deloukas P, Matthews LH, Ashurst J, Burton J, Gilbert JG, Jones M, Stavrides G, Almeida JP, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Barlow KF, Bates KN, Beard LM, Beare DM, Beasley OP, Bird CP, Blakey SE, Bridgeman AM, Brown AJ, Buck D, Burrill W, Butler AP, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clamp M, Clark G, Clark LN, Clark SY, Clee CM, Clegg S, Cobley VE, Collier RE, Connor R, Corby NR, Coulson A, Coville GJ, Deadman R, Dhami P, Dunn M, Ellington AG, Frankland JA, Fraser A, French L, Garner P, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths MN, Gwilliam R, Hall RE, Hammond S, Harley JL, Heath PD, Ho S, Holden JL, Howden PJ, Huckle E, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Jekosch K, Johnson CM, Johnson D, Kay MP, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights A, Laird GK, Lawlor S, Lehvaslaiho MH, Leversha M, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Lovell JD, Marsh VL, Martin SL, McConnachie LJ, McLay K, McMurray AA, Milne S, Mistry D, Moore MJ, Mullikin JC, Nickerson T, Oliver K, Parker A, Patel R, Pearce TA, Peck AI, Phillimore BJ, Prathalingam SR, Plumb RW, Ramsay H, Rice CM, Ross MT, Scott CE, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith ML, Soderlund C, Steward CA, Sulston JE, Swann M, Sycamore N, Taylor R, Tee L, Thomas DW, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans AC, Vaudin M, Wall M, Wallis JM, Whitehead SL, Whittaker P, Willey DL, Williams L, Williams SA, Wilming L, Wray PW, Hubbard T, Durbin RM, Bentley DR, Beck S, Rogers J
Nature. 2002;414;865-71. (pubmed)

Genome acrobatics: understanding complex genomes.
Beck S
Drug Discov Today. 2001;6;1181-1182. (pubmed)

The genomic structure and promoter region of the human parkin gene.
Asakawa S, Tsunematsu Ki , Takayanagi A, Sasaki T, Shimizu A, Shintani A, Kawasaki K, Mungall AJ, Beck S, Minoshima S, Shimizu N
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;286;863-8. (pubmed)

The genomic context of natural killer receptor extended gene families.
Trowsdale J, Barten R, Haude A, Stewart CA, Beck S, Wilson MJ
Immunol Rev. 2001;181;20-38. (pubmed)

Characterization of clustered MHC-linked olfactory receptor genes in human and mouse.
Younger RM, Amadou C, Bethel G, Ehlers A, Lindahl KF, Forbes S, Horton R, Milne S, Mungall AJ, Trowsdale J, Volz A, Ziegler A, Beck S
Genome Res. 2001;11;519-30. (pubmed)

Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.
Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, Devon K, Dewar K, Doyle M, FitzHugh W, Funke R, Gage D, Harris K, Heaford A, Howland J, Kann L, Lehoczky J, LeVine R, McEwan P, McKernan K, Meldrim J, Mesirov JP, Miranda C, Morris W, Naylor J, Raymond C, Rosetti M, Santos R, Sheridan A, Sougnez C, Stange-Thomann N, Stojanovic N, Subramanian A, Wyman D, Rogers J, Sulston J, Ainscough R, Beck S, Bentley D, Burton J, Clee C, Carter N, Coulson A, Deadman R, Deloukas P, Dunham A, Dunham I, Durbin R, French L, Grafham D, Gregory S, Hubbard T, Humphray S, Hunt A, Jones M, Lloyd C, McMurray A, Matthews L, Mercer S, Milne S, Mullikin JC, Mungall A, Plumb R, Ross M, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Waterston RH, Wilson RK, Hillier LW, McPherson JD, Marra MA, Mardis ER, Fulton LA, Chinwalla AT, Pepin KH, Gish WR, Chissoe SL, Wendl MC, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Delehaunty A, Kramer JB, Cook LL, Fulton RS, Johnson DL, Minx PJ, Clifton SW, Hawkins T, Branscomb E, Predki P, Richardson P, Wenning S, Slezak T, Doggett N, Cheng JF, Olsen A, Lucas S, Elkin C, Uberbacher E, Frazier M, Gibbs RA, Muzny DM, Scherer SE, Bouck JB, Sodergren EJ, Worley KC, Rives CM, Gorrell JH, Metzker ML, Naylor SL, Kucherlapati RS, Nelson DL, Weinstock GM, Sakaki Y, Fujiyama A, Hattori M, Yada T, Toyoda A, Itoh T, Kawagoe C, Watanabe H, Totoki Y, Taylor T, Weissenbach J, Heilig R, Saurin W, Artiguenave F, Brottier P, Bruls T, Pelletier E, Robert C, Wincker P, Smith DR, Doucette-Stamm L, Rubenfield M, Weinstock K, Lee HM, Dubois J, Rosenthal A, Platzer M, Nyakatura G, Taudien S, Rump A, Yang H, Yu J, Wang J, Huang G, Gu J, Hood L, Rowen L, Madan A, Qin S, Davis RW, Federspiel NA, Abola AP, Proctor MJ, Myers RM, Schmutz J, Dickson M, Grimwood J, Cox DR, Olson MV, Kaul R, Raymond C, Shimizu N, Kawasaki K, Minoshima S, Evans GA, Athanasiou M, Schultz R, Roe BA, Chen F, Pan H, Ramser J, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, McCombie WR, de la Bastide M, Dedhia N, Blöcker H, Hornischer K, Nordsiek G, Agarwala R, Aravind L, Bailey JA, Bateman A, Batzoglou S, Birney E, Bork P, Brown DG, Burge CB, Cerutti L, Chen HC, Church D, Clamp M, Copley RR, Doerks T, Eddy SR, Eichler EE, Furey TS, Galagan J, Gilbert JG, Harmon C, Hayashizaki Y, Haussler D, Hermjakob H, Hokamp K, Jang W, Johnson LS, Jones TA, Kasif S, Kaspryzk A, Kennedy S, Kent WJ, Kitts P, Koonin EV, Korf I, Kulp D, Lancet D, Lowe TM, McLysaght A, Mikkelsen T, Moran JV, Mulder N, Pollara VJ, Ponting CP, Schuler G, Schultz J, Slater G, Smit AF, Stupka E, Szustakowski J, Thierry-Mieg D, Thierry-Mieg J, Wagner L, Wallis J, Wheeler R, Williams A, Wolf YI, Wolfe KH, Yang SP, Yeh RF, Collins F, Guyer MS, Peterson J, Felsenfeld A, Wetterstrand KA, Patrinos A, Morgan MJ, de Jong P, Catanese JJ, Osoegawa K, Shizuya H, Choi S, Chen YJ, Szustakowki J, International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium
Nature. 2001;409;860-921. (pubmed)

The cluster of BTN genes in the extended major histocompatibility complex.
Rhodes DA, Stammers M, Malcherek G, Beck S, Trowsdale J
Genomics. 2001;71;351-62. (pubmed)

The human major histocompatability complex: lessons from the DNA sequence.
Beck S, Trowsdale J
Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2000;1;117-37. (pubmed)

Arrangement of the ILT gene cluster: a common null allele of the ILT6 gene results from a 6.7-kbp deletion.
Torkar M, Haude A, Milne S, Beck S, Trowsdale J, Wilson MJ
Eur J Immunol. 2000;30;3655-62. (pubmed)

Polymorphisms in olfactory receptor genes: a cautionary note.
Ziegler A, Ehlers A, Forbes S, Trowsdale J, Volz A, Younger R, Beck S
Hum Immunol. 2000;61;1281-4. (pubmed)

MHC-linked olfactory receptor loci exhibit polymorphism and contribute to extended HLA/OR-haplotypes.
Ehlers A, Beck S, Forbes SA, Trowsdale J, Volz A, Younger R, Ziegler A
Genome Res. 2000;10;1968-78. (pubmed)

Quality control in databanks for molecular biology.
CODATA Task Group on biological macromolecules and colleagues. Committee on Data for Science and Technology of the International Council of Scientific Unions
Bioessays. 2000;22;1024-34. (pubmed)

Report of the Fourth International Chromosome 6 Workshop 1999. 10-12 June 1999. Cambridge, UK. Abstracts.
Mungall AJ, Beck S, Cann HM, Dunham I, Trowsdale J, Ziegler A
Cytogenet Cell Genet. 2000;88;173-96. (pubmed)

BTL-II: a polymorphic locus with homology to the butyrophilin gene family, located at the border of the major histocompatibility complex class II and class III regions in human and mouse.
Stammers M, Rowen L, Rhodes D, Trowsdale J, Beck S
Immunogenetics. 2000;51;373-82. (pubmed)

Plasticity in the organization and sequences of human KIR/ILT gene families.
Wilson MJ, Torkar M, Haude A, Milne S, Jones T, Sheer D, Beck S, Trowsdale J
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97;4778-83. (pubmed)

Construction of a high-resolution 2.5-Mb transcript map of the human 6p21.2-6p21.3 region immediately centromeric of the major histocompatibility complex.
Tripodis N, Palmer S, Phillips S, Milne S, Beck S, Ragoussis J
Genome Res. 2000;10;454-72. (pubmed)

Large-scale chromatin organization of the major histocompatibility complex and other regions of human chromosome 6 and its response to interferon in interphase nuclei.
Volpi EV, Chevret E, Jones T, Vatcheva R, Williamson J, Beck S, Campbell RD, Goldsworthy M, Powis SH, Ragoussis J, Trowsdale J, Sheer DJ Cell Sci. 2000;113 ( Pt 9);1565-76. (pubmed)

The major and a minor class II ß-chain (B-LB ) gene flank the Tapasin gene in the B-F /B-L region of the chicken major histocompatibility complex.
Jacob JP, Milne S, Beck S, Kaufman J
Immunogenetics. 2000;51;138-47. (pubmed)

The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22.
Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R, Beare DM, Clamp M, Smink LJ, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Babbage A, Bagguley C, Bailey J, Barlow K, Bates KN, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bridgeman AM, Buck D, Burgess J, Burrill WD, O'Brien KP
Nature. 1999;402;489-95. (pubmed)

From genomics to epigenomics: a loftier view of life.
Beck S, Olek A, Walter J
Nat Biotechnol. 1999;17;1144. (pubmed)

The chicken B locus is a minimal essential major histocompatibility complex.
Kaufman J, Milne S, Göbel TW, Walker BA, Jacob JP, Auffray C, Zoorob R, Beck S
Nature. 1999;401;923-5. (pubmed)

Complete sequence and gene map of a human major histocompatibility complex. The MHC sequencing consortium.Nature. 1999;401;921-3. (pubmed)

Gene organisation, sequence variation and isochore structure at the centromeric boundary of the human MHC.
Stephens R, Horton R, Humphray S, Rowen L, Trowsdale J, Beck S
J Mol Biol. 1999;291;789-99. (pubmed)

Genomic organization of the HSET locus and the possible association of HLA-linked genes with immotile cilia syndrome (ICS).
Janitz K, Wild A, Beck S, Savasta S, Beluffi G, Ziegler A, Volz A
Immunogenetics. 1999;49;644-52. (pubmed)

Sequence organisation of the class II region of the human MHC.
Beck S, Trowsdale J
Immunol Rev. 1999;167;201-10. (pubmed)

Gene organisation determines evolution of function in the chicken MHC.
Kaufman J, Jacob J, Shaw I, Walker B, Milne S, Beck S, Salomonsen J
Immunol Rev. 1999;167;101-17. (pubmed)

Detection of polymorphism in the RING3 gene by high-throughput fluorescent SSCP analysis.
Thorpe KL, Schafer AJ, Génin E, Trowsdale J, Beck S
Immunogenetics. 1999;49;256-65. (pubmed)

Toward a complete human genome sequence.
Genome Res. 1998;8;1097-108. (pubmed)

Genomic analysis of the Tapasin gene, located close to the TAP loci in the MHC.
Herberg JA, Sgouros J, Jones T, Copeman J, Humphray SJ, Sheer D, Cresswell P, Beck S, Trowsdale J
Eur J Immunol. 1998;28;459-67. (pubmed)

Large-scale sequence comparisons reveal unusually high levels of variation in the HLA-DQB1 locus in the class II region of the human MHC.
Horton R, Niblett D, Milne S, Palmer S, Tubby B, Trowsdale J, Beck S
J Mol Biol. 1998;282;71-97. (pubmed)

DNA sequence and structure of the mouse RING3 gene: identification of variant RING3 transcripts.
Thorpe KL, Beck S
Immunogenetics. 1998;48;82-6. (pubmed)

Estimation of distances and map construction using radiation hybrids.
Newell W, Beck S, Lehrach H, Lyall A
Genome Res. 1998;8;493-508. (pubmed)

Genomic structure and domain organisation of the human Bak gene.
Herberg JA, Phillips S, Beck S, Jones T, Sheer D, Wu JJ, Prochazka V, Barr PJ, Kiefer MC, Trowsdale J
Gene. 1998;211;87-94. (pubmed)

TAPASIN, DAXX, RGL2, HKE2 and four new genes (BING 1, 3 to 5) form a dense cluster at the centromeric end of the MHC.
Herberg JA, Beck S, Trowsdale J
J Mol Biol. 1998;277;839-57. (pubmed)

Genome-scale DNA sequencing: where are we?
Beck S, Sterk P
Curr Opin Biotechnol. 1998;9;116-21. (pubmed)

Chromosomal localization, gene structure and transcription pattern of the ORFX gene, a homologue of the MHC-linked RING3 gene.
Thorpe KL, Gorman P, Thomas C, Sheer D, Trowsdale J, Beck S
Gene. 1997;200;177-83. (pubmed)

Characterization of recombination in the HLA class II region.
Cullen M, Noble J, Erlich H, Thorpe K, Beck S, Klitz W, Trowsdale J, Carrington M
Am J Hum Genet. 1997;60;397-407. (pubmed)

The Chromosome 6 database at the Sanger Centre.
Theaker AJ, Maslen GL, Scott CE, Rice CM, Hunt SE, King A, Mungall AJ, Dunham I, Beck S
DNA Seq. 1997;8;167-71. (pubmed)

The chromosome 6 sequencing project at the Sanger Centre.
Avis T, Clark EK, Flack TL, Mohammadi M, Milne S, Niblett D, Palmer S, Phillips S, Smalley C, Tagney M, Thorpe KL, Tubby B, Westhorp J, Beck S
DNA Seq. 1997;8;131-5. (pubmed)

Third single chromosome 6 workshop: meeting report.
Beck S, Cann HM, Campbell RD, Dunham I, Inoko H, Jazwinska EC, Ragoussis J, Trowsdale J, Ziegler A
DNA Seq. 1997;8;113-29. (pubmed)

Organisation and functions of class II genes and molecules.
Beck S, Belich M, Gruneberg U, Jackson A, Kelly A, Sanseau P, Sanderson F, Trowsdale J, Van Ham M
DNA Seq. 1996;7;21-3. (pubmed)

DNA sequencing of the MHC class II region and the chromosome 6 sequencing effort at the Sanger Centre.
Abdulla S, Alderton RP, Glynne RJ, Gut IG, Hosking LK, Jackson A, Kelly A, Newell WR, Radley E, Sanseau P, Thorpe KL, Trowsdale J, Beck S
DNA Seq. 1996;7;5-7. (pubmed)

MHCDB: database of the human MHC (release 2).
Newell WR, Trowsdale J, Beck S
Immunogenetics. 1996;45;6-8. (pubmed)

Phylogeny and structure of the RING3 gene.
Thorpe KL, Abdulla S, Kaufman J, Trowsdale J, Beck S
Immunogenetics. 1996;44;391-6. (pubmed)

Divergent intron arrangement in the MB1/LMP7 proteasome gene pair.
Abdulla S, Beck S, Belich M, Jackson A, Nakamura T, Trowsdale J
Immunogenetics. 1996;44;254-8. (pubmed)

Evolutionary dynamics of non-coding sequences within the class II region of the human MHC.
Beck S, Abdulla S, Alderton RP, Glynne RJ, Gut IG, Hosking LK, Jackson A, Kelly A, Newell WR, Sanseau P, Radley E, Thorpe KL, Trowsdale J
J Mol Biol. 1996;255;1-13. (pubmed)

Construction of genetic maps using distance geometry.
Newell WR, Mott R, Beck S, Lehrach H
Genomics. 1995;30;59-70. (pubmed)

Identification and analysis of multigene families by comparison of exon fingerprints.
Brown NP, Whittaker AJ, Newell WR, Rawlings CJ, Beck S
J Mol Biol. 1995;249;342-59. (pubmed)

A procedure for selective DNA alkylation and detection by mass spectrometry.
Gut IG, Beck S
Nucleic Acids Res. 1995;23;1367-73. (pubmed)

Coordinate regulation of the human TAP1 and LMP2 genes from a shared bidirectional promoter.
Wright KL, White LC, Kelly A, Beck S, Trowsdale J, Ting JP
J Exp Med. 1995;181;1459-71. (pubmed)

Comparative sequence analysis of the human and pufferfish Huntington's disease genes.
Baxendale S, Abdulla S, Elgar G, Buck D, Berks M, Micklem G, Durbin R, Bates G, Brenner S, Beck S
Nat Genet. 1995;10;67-76. (pubmed)

Automated DNA hybridization.
Alderton RP, Kitau J, Beck S
Anal Biochem. 1994;218;98-102. (pubmed)

Genomic organization of HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB. Comparison of the gene organization of all six class II families in the human major histocompatibility complex.
Radley E, Alderton RP, Kelly A, Trowsdale J, Beck S
J Biol Chem. 1994;269;18834-8. (pubmed)

MHCDB--database of the human MHC.
Newell WR, Trowsdale J, Beck S
Immunogenetics. 1994;40;109-15. (pubmed)

Cloning and characterization of human phosphatase inhibitor-2 (IPP-2) sequences.
Sanséau P, Jackson A, Alderton RP, Beck S, Senger G, Sheer D, Kelly A, Trowsdale J
Mamm Genome. 1994;5;490-6. (pubmed)

Membrane electrophoresis of DNA.
Heller C, Beck S
Electrophoresis. 1993;14;162-4. (pubmed)

The major histocompatibility complex-encoded proteasome component LMP7: alternative first exons and post-translational processing.
Glynne R, Kerr LA, Mockridge I, Beck S, Kelly A, Trowsdale J
Eur J Immunol. 1993;23;860-6. (pubmed)

Error analysis in manual and automated DNA sequencing.
Khurshid F, Beck S
Anal Biochem. 1993;208;138-43. (pubmed)

DNA sequencing by chemiluminescent detection.
Beck S
Methods Mol Biol. 1993;23;235-42. (pubmed)

Multiplex DNA sequencing.
Beck S
Methods Mol Biol. 1993;23;225-34. (pubmed)

Direct blotting electrophoresis.
Beck S
Methods Mol Biol. 1993;23;219-23. (pubmed)

A strategy for the amplification, purification, and selection of M13 templates for large-scale DNA sequencing.
Beck S, Alderton RP
Anal Biochem. 1993;212;498-505. (pubmed)

Accuracy of DNA sequencing: should the sequence quality be monitored?
Beck S
DNA Seq. 1993;4;215-7. (pubmed)

Polymorphism in a second ABC transporter gene located within the class II region of the human major histocompatibility complex.
Powis SH, Mockridge I, Kelly A, Kerr LA, Glynne R, Gileadi U, Beck S, Trowsdale J
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89;1463-7. (pubmed)

Magnetic bead purification of M13 DNA sequencing templates.
Alderton RP, Eccleston LM, Howe RP, Read CA, Reeve MA, Beck S
Anal Biochem. 1992;201;166-9. (pubmed)

Field inversion gel electrophoresis in denaturing polyacrylamide gels.
Heller C, Beck S
Nucleic Acids Res. 1992;20;2447-52. (pubmed)

Nonradioactive detection of DNA using dioxetane chemiluminescence.
Beck S
Methods Enzymol. 1992;216;143-53. (pubmed)

DNA sequence analysis of 66 kb of the human MHC class II region encoding a cluster of genes for antigen processing.
Beck S, Kelly A, Radley E, Khurshid F, Alderton RP, Trowsdale J
J Mol Biol. 1992;228;433-41. (pubmed)

A homologue of the Drosophila female sterile homeotic (fsh) gene in the class II region of the human MHC.
Beck S, Hanson I, Kelly A, Pappin DJ, Trowsdale J
DNA Seq. 1992;2;203-10. (pubmed)

The bromodomain: a conserved sequence found in human, Drosophila and yeast proteins.
Haynes SR, Dollard C, Winston F, Beck S, Trowsdale J, Dawid IB
Nucleic Acids Res. 1992;20;2603. (pubmed)

Second proteasome-related gene in the human MHC class II region.
Kelly A, Powis SH, Glynne R, Radley E, Beck S, Trowsdale J
Nature. 1991;353;667-8. (pubmed)

A proteasome-related gene between the two ABC transporter loci in the class II region of the human MHC.
Glynne R, Powis SH, Beck S, Kelly A, Kerr LA, Trowsdale J
Nature. 1991;353;357-60. (pubmed)

M13plex vectors for multiplex DNA sequencing.
Heller C, Radley E, Khurshid FA, Beck S
Gene. 1991;103;131-2. (pubmed)

Oligonucleotide synthesis and multiplex DNA sequencing using chemiluminescent detection.
Köster H, Beck S, Coull JM, Dunne T, Gildea BD, Kissinger C, O'Keeffe T
Nucleic Acids Symp Ser. 1991;318-21.(pubmed)

An HCMV reading frame which has similarity with both the V and C regions of the TCR gamma chain.
Beck S, Barrell B
DNA Seq. 1991;2;33-8. (pubmed)

The DNA sequence of the human cytomegalovirus genome.
Bankier AT, Beck S, Bohni R, Brown CM, Cerny R, Chee MS, Hutchison CA, Kouzarides T, Martignetti JA, Preddie E
DNA Seq. 1991;2;1-12. (pubmed)

Sequences encoded in the class II region of the MHC related to the 'ABC' superfamily of transporters.
Trowsdale J, Hanson I, Mockridge I, Beck S, Townsend A, Kelly A
Nature. 1990;348;741-4. (pubmed)

Colorimetric-detected DNA sequencing.
Beck S
Methods Enzymol. 1990;184;612-7. (pubmed)

A complex between the MHC class I homologue encoded by human cytomegalovirus and ß 2 microglobulin.
Browne H, Smith G, Beck S, Minson T
Nature. 1990;347;770-2. (pubmed)

Analysis of the protein-coding content of the sequence of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169.
Chee MS, Bankier AT, Beck S, Bohni R, Brown CM, Cerny R, Horsnell T, Hutchison CA, Kouzarides T, Martignetti JA
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1990;154;125-69. (pubmed)

Applications of dioxetane chemiluminescent probes to molecular biology.
Beck S, Köster H
Anal Chem. 1990;62;2258-70. (pubmed)

Chemiluminescent detection of DNA: application for DNA sequencing and hybridization.
Beck S, O'Keeffe T, Coull JM, Köster H
Nucleic Acids Res. 1989;17;5115-23. (pubmed)

Human cytomegalovirus encodes a glycoprotein homologous to MHC class-I antigens.
Beck S, Barrell BG
Nature. 1988;331;269-72. (pubmed)

Protein blotting with direct blotting electrophoresis.
Beck S
Anal Biochem. 1988;170;361-6. (pubmed)

Colorimetric-detected DNA sequencing.
Beck S
Anal Biochem. 1987;164;514-20. (pubmed)

Direct transfer electrophoresis used for DNA sequencing.
Pohl FM, Beck S
Methods Enzymol. 1987;155;250-9. (pubmed)

DNA sequence of the leftward junction in the adenovirus-simian virus 40 hybrid Ad2+D2 and determination of the structure of the D2-T antigen.
Baumann EA, Baur CP, Baack M, Beck S
J Virol. 1985;54;882-5. (pubmed)

DNA sequencing with direct blotting electrophoresis.
Beck S, Pohl FM
EMBO J. 1984;3;2905-9. (pubmed)

Isolation of Z-DNA-containing plasmids.
Thomae R, Beck S, Pohl FM
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983;80;5550-3. (pubmed)