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Booker
T. Washington
Chicago Daily News negatives collection,
DN-0003451. Courtesy of the Chicago
Historical Society.
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Questions
to consider
1.Was there a "compromise of 1877"?
2. Why did the
southern states impose a system of de jure segregation? What was the status
of AfricanAmericans
prior to the rise of Jim Crow?
3.
What forms did disenfranchisement
and desegregation take?
4.
Was Jim Crow an inevitable response to the
end of Reconstruction?
5. What was the role of the federal government and northern white society
in the creation of Jim Crow?
6. What strategies
did African Americans use to cope with life under Jim Crow?
Primary sources
Washington's "Atlanta Compromise" speech,
and W.E.B. Du Bois' response
Introductory reading
Edward
L. Ayers, The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction
(1992), chapter 6 "In Black and White"TEACHING COLLECTION
MAIN 3332
Joel
Williamson, "Black life in the South, 1865-1915" in A rage for
order : Black/White relations in the American South since emancipation
(1986) pp. 44-69
Further reading
General Accounts
John W. Cell, The Highest State of White Supremacy: The Origins
of Segregation in South Africa and the American South (1982)
Jane Elizabeth Dailey, Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, and Bryant
Simon, eds., Jumpin' Jim Crow: Southern Politics from
Civil War to Civil Rights (2000)
Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of
Segregation in the South, 1890-1940 (1998)
Mark W. Summers,
The Gilded Age: The Hazard of New Functions (1997)
Gavin Wright, Old
South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy since
the Civil War (1986)
The "Compromise of 1877"
C.
Vann Woodward, "The Unknown Compromise" from Reunion
and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction
Michael
Les Benedict, "Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876-77:
A Reconsideration of Reunion and Reaction" Journal of
Southern History 46:4 (1980): 489-524Howard
N. Rabinowitz, "From Exclusion to Segregation: Southern
Race Relations, 1865-1890" Journal of American History 63
(1976), 325-50
Allan
Peskin, "Was there a Compromise of 1877?" Journal
of American History 60:1 (1973): 63-75
The "Woodward thesis" and
its critics
C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, rev. ed. (1974)
Jane Elizabeth Dailey, Before Jim Crow: The Politics of Race in Postemancipation
Virginia (2000)
J. Morgan Kousser, The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage, Restriction
and the Establishment of the One-Party South 1880-1910 (1975)
Howard N. Rabinowitz, Race Relations in the Urban South. 1865-1890 (1978)
Howard
N. Rabinowitz, "More than the Woodward Thesis: Assessing 'The
Strange Career of Jim Crow," Journal of American History 75 (1988 - 89):
842 - 856
C.
Vann Woodward, "'Strange Career' Critics: Long May They Persevere," Journal
of American History 75 (1989): 857 - 868
Gender
Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics
of White Supremacy in North Carolina 1896-1920 (1996)
Martha Elizabeth
Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth-Century
South (1997)
Nancy
MacLean, "The Leo Frank Case Reconsidered: Gender and Sexual Politics
in the Making of Reactionary Populism" Journal of American
History, Vol. 78, No. 3. (Dec., 1991), pp. 917-948.
Lynching
W. Fitzhugh Brundage, Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia. 1880-1930
(1993)
Populism
Stephen David Kantrowitz, Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of
White Supremacy (2000)
Civil War Memory
David
W. Blight, “’For Something beyond the Battlefield’:
Frederick Douglass and the Struggle for the Memory of the Civil War,” Journal
of American History 75:4. (1989), 1156-78
W.
Scott Poole, “Memory and the Abolitionist Heritage: Thomas
Wentworth Higginson and the Uncertain Meaning of the Civil War,” Civil
War History 51.2 (2005)
Black society
Gerald David Jaynes, Branches Without Roots: Genesis of the Black Working
Class in the American South 1862-1882 (1986)
Leon Litwack, Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow
(1998)
Neil R. McMillen, Dark Journey: Black Mississipians in the Age of Jim
Crow (1989)
Websites
PBS: Jim
Crow online
The
politics of disfranchisement in Virginia
Lynching
of African Americans
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